Kukura kusingamisikike kwesimba remhepo munyika: China, iyo US uye nezvimwe

La mhepo ine simba Yakarega kuva chivimbiso uye yava chinhu chinokosha mukuchinja kwesimba repasi rose. Icho chitubu chinogona kudzorerwa chinoramba chichikura nekukurumidza uye, kunze kwekubatsira kuderedza carbon dioxide emissions, inokwanisa kubudisa simba rakachena pamutengo wemakwikwi munzvimbo dzakawanda dzepasi. Muchinyorwa chino tichaongorora kufambira mberi kwakanyanya kwesimba remhepo, pasi rose uye munyika dzakaita seChina, United States, nedziri kutungamira shanduko iyi yesimba.

Zvinoenderana neazvino data iripo, zvirinani Nyika makumi masere neina dziri kushandisa simba remhepo mumambure emagetsi avo. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti chimiro chesimba ichi chiri kutora nzvimbo yepakati munzvimbo dzakawanda dzepasirese. Kukura kwesimba remhepo zvekuti muna 2023 huwandu hwepasi rose hwakaiswa huchasvika 837 GW, maererano neGlobal Wind Energy Council (GWEC). Uku kufambira mberi kunoshamisa kwave kureva kuti simba remhepo ikozvino rinomiririra chikamu chakakosha chekupihwa kwemagetsi munzvimbo dzakati wandei dzepasi.

Kukura kweiyi simba sosi hakuratidzi zviratidzo zvekuderera uye kunoramba kuri kuita purofiti yakawanda gore rega rega. Tevere, isu tichaongorora ikozvino panorama yepasirese, tichitarisa kune nyika dzinotungamira kugadzirwa kwemhepo, pamwe nehunyanzvi hutsva huri kufambisa mberi kwayo.

Vakuru vanogadzira simba remhepo

Indasitiri yemhepo inotongwa nemasimba makuru akati wandei akaisa mari yakawanda muhunyanzvi uhu. Padanho repasi rose, China ndiyo inonyanya kugadzira simba remhepo, ichiteverwa zvakanyanya neUnited States, iyo yakafambirawo mberi zvikuru mumakore achangopfuura.

Panyaya yeChina, nyika inoramba ichiwedzera huwandu hwayo hwakaiswa kusvika kumatanho asati amboonekwa. Muna 2023, China yakawedzera zvimwe 76 GW yesimba idzva remhepo, kusvika pamwero mukuru kupfuura 328 GW, iyo inoibatanidza semutungamiri muchikamu ichi. Pamusoro pezvo, kukura uku kunotarisirwa kuramba kuchiwedzera, sezvo China iri kudyara mutekinoroji yekunze, ine zvinopfuura. 26 GW yemhepo yekumahombekombe yakatosimbiswa.

MuUnited States, simba remhepo rinoramba riri pekutanga nekuda kwenzvimbo yaro yakawanda uye mamiriro akanaka. Kugadzirwa kwemhepo yeAmerica kwakatosvika 132 GW of yakaiswa capacity. Panhanho iyi, simba remhepo rinovhara kupfuura 9% yekushandiswa kwesimba yenyika, kunyangwe mune dzimwe nyika dzakaita seIowa neSouth Dakota, nhamba iyi yakakwira zvakanyanya, inosvika pamusoro pe50% munzvimbo idzodzo nekuda kwemapani avo akakura.

Germany, kune chikamu chayo, inochengetedza chinzvimbo chakasimba seyechitatu pasi rose mugadziri mukuru wesimba remhepo. Muna 2023, iyi nyika yeEurope yakawedzera kupfuura 64 GW yekuisa simba, ichizvibatanidza pachayo semutungamiri asina kupokana muEurope. Germany yanga iri piyona mukuvandudza tekinoroji yemhepo yepamhenderekedzo yegungwa neyekunze, uye chinangwa chayo ndechekuwana 100% yemagetsi ayo kubva kune anodzoreredzwa masosi panosvika 2035. Kuzadzisa chinangwa ichi, zvakarongwa kuwedzera simba remhepo yepamhenderekedzo yegungwa kusvika 110 GW uye, pamusoro pemakungwa, kune 30 GW.

China: hofori yesimba remhepo

China haisiriyo chete inogadzira zvakanyanya simba remhepo, asi yavewo nyika inokurumidza kukura munzvimbo ino. Zvinotarisirwa kuti 2025, China ine yakaiswa simba re 347,2 GW simba remhepo chete panyika. Kuzvipira kwehofori yeAsia kumasimba anodzokororwa kwakajeka, panyika nekumahombekombe, uye kukurumidza kwayo kwekuwedzera kwakakura zvekuti inotarisirwa kudarika 962,6 GW pasi rose.

Kuzvipira uku hakusi kungopindura kune kuwedzera kwesimba kudiwa kwevanhu vayo, asi kunopindurawo kudiwa kwekuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo kunokanganisa zvakanyanya maguta ayo makuru. Pamusoro pezvo, mundima yetekinoroji yekunze kwenyika, nyika iri kutyora zvakare marekodhi, yakaisa simba remhepo remhepo kubva kumahombekombe kupfuura chero imwe nyika mumakore gumi apfuura.

Pasinei nekubudirira uku, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti China inofanira kuramba ichitarisana nematambudziko anokosha ane chokuita nekugadzirisa grid uye kudiwa kwekuvandudza zvivakwa zvayo kuitira kuti simba rinogadzirwa nemapurazi emhepo rinosvika kumaguta makuru zvakanaka.

Dzimwe nyika dzakakosha mukugadzirwa kwesimba remhepo

Dzimwe nyika dziri kuisa mari yakawanda musimba remhepo, kuwedzera kuChina, United States neGermany, dzinosanganisira India, iyo inotova nezvakawanda kupfuura 40 GW yekugona kuiswa kwemagetsi emhepo. Kukura uku muIndia kuri kunyanya kuenderana nezvido zvehuwandu hwayo huri kukura uye hupfumi. Pamusoro pezvo, kuedza kuri kuitwa kuvandudza zvivakwa munzvimbo dzekumaruwa uko simba remhepo rinobvumira kuwanikwa kwemagetsi pasina kudiwa kwemagetsi epakati pemagetsi.

Brazil ndiyo imwe nyika yekufunga nezvayo, nayo 21,2 GW yehukuru muna 2023, inoiisa munzvimbo yechinomwe munyika maererano nesimba rakaiswa. Mamiriro ekunze akanaka ekugadzirwa kwemhepo muBrazil, kunyanya munzvimbo dzemahombekombe, akafarira kukurumidza kukurumidza kwehunyanzvi uhu munyika yeSouth America.

Europe, kune rumwe rutivi, yakachengetedza hutungamiriri hwayo mumhepo yekumahombekombe simba. United Kingdom y Denmark ndiwo maexponents makuru erudzi urwu rwesimba mukondinendi, neUnited Kingdom inosvika pakuiswa kwe 27,1 GW muna 2023, izvo 12,7 GW inobva kumapaki ekumahombekombe. Denmark, kunyangwe idiki muhukuru, ine 67% yemagetsi ayo anobva kune renewables, kunyanya kubva kusimba remhepo, iro rinomiririra rekodhi yenyika.

Imwe musika uri kukura ndeye España. Zvinoenderana neazvino data iripo, simba remhepo rinopa zvakawanda kupfuura 23% yemagetsi yeSpain, iyo inoiisa munzvimbo yakanaka kwazvo yekuzadzisa zvinangwa zvesimba rakachena zve2030. Pakazara, Spain ine zvinopfuura 27,5 GW yesimba rakaiswa, rinoiisa pakati penyika shanu dzepamusoro dzine kugadzirwa kwemhepo kwakanyanya.

Zvakanakira uye zvinonetsa zvesimba remhepo

Simba remhepo haringobatsiri chete maererano nekuderedza kuburitswa, asi ravewo tekinoroji inodhura zvakanyanya. Chimwe chezvikonzero chikuru ndechekuti ma turbines emhepo akashanduka mumakumi mashoma emakore apfuura, achiwedzera saizi yavo uye kugona. Shongwe dzakareba uye mashizha akareba Vanobvumira simba rakawanda kutorwa kubva kumhepo, nepo kuvandudzwa kweketani yekugovera uye kugadzira kwakakwanisa kudzikisa mutengo pa megawatt inogadzirwa.

Zvisinei, kuwedzera kwesimba remhepo hakusi pasina matambudziko. Chimwe chezvinonyanya kukosha ndechekuona uye pane fauna. Maturbine emhepo anogona kukanganisa shiri uye kukonzera kusagadzikana kune vagari venzvimbo nekuda kwehukuru hwadzo uye ruzha. Nekudaro, mazhinji ematambudziko aya anogona kudzikiswa nemirairo yakananga uye nekuchenjerera kugadzira.

Rimwe dambudziko ndere kupindirana. Mhepo haigare ichivhuvhuta nesimba rimwechete, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kunetsa mukugadzirisa gidhi remagetsi. Mhinduro yedambudziko iri iri mu kuchengetedza simba, nzvimbo iyo makambani akaita saTesla ari kuita nhanho huru nemabhatiri epamusoro-soro.

Pasinei nematambudziko aya, kunaka kwesimba remhepo mukurwisana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze hazvirambiki. Kudyara mari mukutsvaga nekusimudzira kuri kubatsira kugadzirisa matambudziko aya uye kuita kuti simba remhepo riite basa rinowedzera kukosha mumusanganiswa wesimba repasi rose.

Kuvandudzwa kwemichina mitsva ndiyo imwe kiyi kune ramangwana resimba remhepo. Initiatives senge Vortex bladeless turbine Iwo muenzaniso wekuti hutsva hunogona kubatsira sei kuderedza mitengo uye kuderedza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza. Tekinoroji iyi, yakagadziridzwa kuSpain, inokurudzira kutsiva mashizha echinyakare necylinder yakatwasuka inodedera ichiita ruzha nemhepo, ichigadzira magetsi.

Simba remhepo rakakosha kwete pakugadzira simba rakachena chete, asiwo pakurwisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kuvimba nemafuta ezvicherwa. Nekukura kwakasimba uye kwakasimba, simba remhepo rinotarisirwa kuve imwe yembiru dzepasi rose rekugadzira simba mumakumi emakore anotevera.