La Kuchengeteka kwenyukireya uye kuchengetedzwa kwemwaranzi Idzi hadzisi nyaya dzehunyanzvi dzakachengeterwa nyanzvi: dzinobata zvakananga hutano hweveruzhinji, zvakatipoteredza, uye kuvimba kwenharaunda muzvivakwa zvenyukireya neradioactive. Kuseri kwenzvimbo yese yemagetsi enyukireya, nzvimbo yese yemishonga yenyukireya, kana zvese kuchengetedzwa kwemararaKune hurongwa hwese hwemadhiraivha, mirairo, uye zvirongwa zvechimbichimbi zvakanyatsogadzirirwa kudzivirira zviitiko uye kuita nekukurumidza kana chimwe chinhu chikatadza.
MuSpain, iyi network inovimba nayo mirayiridzo kubva Nyukireya Kanzuru Yekuchengetedza (CSN)Nhungamiro dzekuchengetedza, mirairo yenyika neEuropean, uye ruzivo rwakawanikwa kubva mutsaona uye zvibooresa, kusanganisira kukanganisa kweFukushima muna 2011, zvese zvakatora chikamu. Panguva imwecheteyo, manejimendi emazuva ano ezvivakwa izvi anowirirana nezvisungo zvedhijitari senge cookie policy pamawebhusaiti emasangano, ayo anofanirwawo kutevedzera zviri pamutemo uye pachena. Ngatitarisei, zvakadzikama uye nemutauro wakajeka, kuti aya magadzirirwo egwara rekuchengetedza nyukireya akaumbwa sei, izvo zvinodikanwa neanotonga, marongero ehurongwa hwenjodzi yemukati, uye ruzivo nemhando ipi zvinotamba musystem yese iyi.
Hurongwa hwemutemo nebasa reNuclear Safety Council
Nzvimbo yekutanga muSpain ndeyekuti CSN ine basa repamutemo re gadzirira mirairo, denderedzwa uye tekinoroji madhairekitori zvine chekuita nenyukireya nekuisa radioactive uye kune zviitiko zvine chekuita neNuclear Safety uye Radiological Protection. Izvi zvinobva muChinyorwa 2(a) cheMutemo 15/1980, icho chakagadzira Nuclear Safety Council, ichipa dare iri mvumo yekumisikidza nzira dzehunyanzvi dzinofanirwa kusangana nevaridzi vezvimisikidzo, vachiumba chikamu che hwaro hwemutemo hwakakosha.
Pamusoro pesimba iri rekutonga, Mutemo 15/1980 unopa iyo CSN mabasa e kutonga, kutarisa uye kuongorora yezvivakwa kubva pakutumirwa kwavo kusvika pakuvhara kwavo, pamwe nekuita basa rakakosha mukutonga kwekukurumidzira (Chinyorwa 2.f). Kureva kuti, CSN haingobvumiri magwaro chete, asi zvakare inotarisisa kuteedzera kwevashandisi uye inopindura kana nyukireya kana radiological emergency yaitika.
Emergency manejimendi yakarongedzwa pamatanho maviri akasiyaniswa asi akarongeka: kune rimwe divi, nhanho yemhinduro yemukati, iyo inowira kumuridzi wenzvimbo uye inoratidzwa muInternal Emergency Plan (IEP); kune rumwe rutivi, the mwero wemhinduro yekunze, mutoro wezviremera zvinodzivirira zvehurumende uye zvinoratidzwa muzvirongwa zvakasiyana zvekunze zvekukurumidzira (Basic Nuclear Emergency Plan, basic guidelines, etc.).
Nekufamba kwenguva, uye nekuda kwechiitiko chakaunganidzwa muzvibhorani uye mukutonga kwezviitiko chaizvo muSpanish magetsi zvidyarwa, iyo CSN yakasimudzira. kuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza maitiro Mukugadzirira nekuronga kwekukurumidzira, mirayiridzo yakadai seNo. 1.03 pazvirongwa zvekukurumidzira mumagetsi emagetsi enyukireya uye Nha. Supplementary Technical Instructions (ITC) uye mavara chaiwo ane mamwe maitiro akapihwa zvakare.
Zvichitevera tsaona uye kukanganisa kwe FukushimaZvidzidzo zvakakosha zvakadzidzwa nezve manejimendi e tsaona dzinopfuura dhizaini (kukuvadza kwakakura, kurasikirwa kwenguva refu kwemagetsi, kurasikirwa kwekupedzisira kupisa sink, kukanganisa munzvimbo huru dzechirimwa, nezvimwewo). Kuti ibatanidze zvidzidzo izvi, CSN yaida mamwe matanho kuburikidza neITC, kusanganisira zvinodiwa zvakananga mukutarisira kwekukurumidzira uye nhungamiro yekuita kana pakaitika tsaona dzakakomba.
Nheyo yekudzivirira mukudzika uye zvinangwa zveMurairo
Kiyi yekuchengeteka mumagetsi enyukireya ndiyo inonzi musimboti kudzivirira zvakadzamaInosanganisira kumisikidza akati wandei akateedzana uye akazvimirira nhanho dzedziviriro, mukugadzira nekuvaka pamwe nekushanda, kudzivirira kutadza kwega kwehunyanzvi, kwemunhu kana kwesangano kubva mukukuvadza huwandu hwevanhu kana nharaunda, uye kuita musanganiswa wekutadza kwakanyanya kusatomboitika.
Imwe yeaya mazinga ekudzivirira ndeye emergency management system Iyi sisitimu inofanirwa kubvumira mhinduro inobudirira kumamiriro enjodzi anokonzerwa netsaona dzinofanoona. Yakarongedzerwa muzvikamu zvitatu zvakakosha zvinofanirwa kunzwisiswa zvakajeka: kuronga kwekukurumidzira, kugadzirira kwekukurumidzira, uye mhinduro yekukurumidzira, iyo yose yakabatanidzwa mune zvinodiwa zvakagadziriswa neCSN (Nuclear Safety Council).
chikamu che kuronga kwechimbichimbi Inotarisa pakutsanangura mberi zvinangwa, chimiro chesangano, zviremera, mabasa, uye zviito zverudzi rwega rwechimbichimbi rwakaonekwa mukuongorora njodzi yenzvimbo. Haisi gwaro chete; inogadza hurongwa hwakajeka hwekuita mune chero mamiriro ezvinhu.
La kugadzirira emergency Chinangwa chayo ndechekuona kuti nzvimbo yacho ine simba rinodiwa (vanhu, tekinoroji, uye zviwanikwa zvesangano) kuita zvirongwa zvakarongwa zvekudzivirira uye kudzikisira kana paitika njodzi. Izvi zvinosanganisira kudzidziswa kwevashandi, zvibooreso uye masimulation, uye kuchengetedzwa kwemidziyo nezvivakwa.
Pakupedzisira, the mhinduro yechimbichimbi Izvi zvinosanganisira kuita zviito zvakatsanangurwa kuchengetedza vanhu, midziyo, uye zvakatipoteredza, kuronga mhinduro yemukati nezvirongwa zvekunze nezviremera. Muchikamu chino, zvakakosha kuti kutaurirana nevakuru kuve nekukurumidza, kwakavimbika, uye kwakazara kuitira kuti matanho ekudzivirira huwandu hwevanhu aenzane uye nenguva.
Chinangwa, chiyero uye akakosha tsananguro
Iyo CSN Instruction yekuronga, kugadzirira uye kupindura kune yenyukireya uye radiological emergency ine chinangwa chekumisa iyo zvinodiwa zvinoenderana nedanho remhinduro yemukati yezvivakwa zvese zvenyukireya muSpain, panguva dzese dzehupenyu hwavo (kushanda, kumisa kushanda, kuputsa, nezvimwewo). Izvo hazvina kugumira kune anoshanda zvidyarwa, asi zvakare inovhara zvimwe zvivakwa zvine akakodzera radiological njodzi.
Kuti uve nechokwadi chemutauro wakafanana, Murairo unotora sereferensi tsananguro dzezviyero zvakasiyana-siyana: Mutemo 25/1964 paNuclear Energy, iyo CSN's Mutemo 15/1980, Royal Decree 1836/1999 pane nyukireya neradioactive kuisirwa, Royal Decree 783/2001 pakudzivirira kubva kune ionizing mwaranzi, Royal Decree 1546/2004 paBasic Nuclear 4 Planar 1 uye Royal Demerge 4 Planar 1 E. kuronga njodzi yeradiological.
Pamusoro pezvo, zvinyorwa zvinosanganisa tsananguro dzakananga dzekutonga kwekukurumidzira, senge Emergency Support Center (ECC), sangano rakasiyana uye riri pakati rinogona kutsigira chero Spanish nuclear power plant kana pakaitika tsaona huru, ichipa mimwe michina nevashandi kune vari panzvimbo.
Izvi zvinotevera zvinotsanangurwa zvakare: Alternative Emergency Management Center (CAGE), iyo inoshanda seye emergency command uye manejimendi nzvimbo mukati mesaiti kana nzvimbo dzakajairwa dzisipo; the Operational Support Center (OSC), iyo inotsigira kushanda panguva yenjodzi; the Technical Support Center (CAT), senzvimbo huru yekutarisira; the External Emergency Center (CEE) and the External Support Center (ESC), ese ari kunze-saiti uye akatarisana nerutsigiro rwekugadziriswa, kurongeka uye kuongorora radiological.
Mamwe maconcepts akakodzera ndeaya Kukuvadza Kwakakura (zviitiko zviri kunze kwegadziriro yekugadzira nekurasikirwa kwenguva refu kwesimba remagetsi, sink yekupedzisira yekupisa kana nzvimbo huru dzechirimwa), iyo Yakanyanya Accident Management Guidelines (SAGG), all Yakapararira Damage Mitigation Guidelines (WDMG) kana the Yakakura Kukuvadza Emergency Guidelines (EDEG), iyo inosanganisira nzira dzakananga dzekushanda kuderedza izvi zvakanyanya.
Categorization yetsaona uye kutanga zviitiko
Iyo emergency management system inofanirwa kugadzirira kubata nayo, zvishoma, mhando nhatu dzetsaona: izvo zvakabatanidzwa muChidzidzo Chekuchengetedza chezvivako (design basis accident analysis), njodzi dzinopfuura nheyo yekugadzira inodiwa neCSN uye, mumamiriro ezvinhu emagetsi emagetsi, mamiriro ezvinhu anobva ku-post-Fukushima stress tests (kukuvadza kukuru uye kurasikirwa kwenzvimbo huru).
Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekuchengetedza kuderedzwa uye zvinogona kuitika kunze radiological maitiro, zviitiko zvinoiswa sezvizvi: mapoka mana ekukurumidziraChikamu I (Pre-alert) inosanganisira zviitiko zvehukuru hushoma uye kuomarara Izvi zvinoratidza kuderedzwa kunobvira kwechengeteko asi pasina tyisidziro iri pedyo kuvashandi kana kuti veruzhinji. Chikamu II (Emergency Alert) inosanganisira zviitiko zvinogona kutungamira mukudzikira kwakanyanya muzinga rekuchengetedza, kunyangwe pasina kuburitswa kunoda kukurumidza kuchengetedzwa kwekunze kunotarisirwa.
Chikamu III (Saiti Emergency) inosanganisira mamiriro anogona kukonzera kuwedzera kwakanyanya mukufumurwa kwevashandi venzvimbo, zvinoda matanho ekudzivirira mukatiMabudiro anogona kuitika kunze kwenzvimbo iri pasi pemushandisi (ZBCE), asi pasina kudarika dosimetric iyo inoda matanho ekuchengetedza veruzhinji nekukurumidza.
Chikamu IV (General Emergency) chakachengeterwa zviitiko zvinosanganisira a njodzi chaiyo kana inogona kuitika yekuratidzwa pachena neruzhinji kana kuburitswa kunze uko kunoda kuitwa kwekukurumidza kubva-saiti ekudzivirira matanho. Mishonga inoshanda inodarika 10 mSv mumaawa makumi mana nemasere kana kuti thyroid-yakaenzana nedosi inodarika 100 mSv inotariswa pano.
Pamhando yega yega yetsaona uye chikamu, nzvimbo yacho inofanirwa kuratidza kutanga zviitiko izvo, kana zvangosimbiswa, zvinoda activation yePEI. Zviitiko izvi zvinofanirwa kutsanangurwa zvakajeka, pasina nzvimbo yekududzira zvisina tsarukano, uye kubatanidzwa mumapoka akasarudzika (semuenzaniso, zvine chekuita nenyukireya steam supply system, kune mamwe masisitimu, kumoto, kuchengetedzeka kwemuviri, kune zviitiko zvekunze, kana kuchengetedzwa kwemwaranzi).
Zviito, mazinga ekuratidzwa uye kuchengetedzwa kwemuviri
Kana zvikamu uye zviitiko zvekutanga zvaonekwa, sangano rinofanira kutsanangura zviito zvakanangana nazvo kuchikamu chimwe nechimwe. Izvi zviito zvinotangira pakushanda kwechirimwa kudzorera mazinga ekuchengetedza, ziviso kune zviremera, kutarisa uye kuongororwa kwechimbichimbi, mhinduro nekudzivirira matanho, kune kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa uye zvivakwa kana rubatsiro kune vashandi vakakanganiswa.
Chiito chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kutsanangurwa zvakajeka chiitiko chinokonzeresaUrongwa uhwu hunofanirwa kusanganisira munhu ane chekuita nekuitwa kwahwo, nzira dzinodiwa uye zviwanikwa, zvinotarisirwa mhedzisiro, uye chero zviito zvinopindirana zvinofanirwa kuitwa pamberi, panguva, kana mushure. Zvese izvi zvinofanirwa kugadzirwa zvichitevera musimboti wekugadzirisa kubva pakuona kwekudzivirira kwemwaranzi, kune vese vashandi venzvimbo uye veruzhinji.
Nezve mazinga ekuratidzwa kwevashandi, muridzi anofanira kuona kuti avo vasiri vashandi vekupindira havapfuure public dose limits yakagadzwa nemirairo panguva yenjodzi. Kune vashandi vanopindira, mareferensi mazinga anofanirwa kutsanangurwa pazasi kana, kana izvi zvisingaite, zvakaenzana kana zvisingasviki 100 mSv; chete mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana, uye neruzivo rwakazara uye nekuzvidira kutora chikamu, ndiwo mazinga ari pakati pe100 ne500 mSv anotenderwa kuita mabasa akadai sekuponesa hupenyu kana kudzivirira njodzi.
Imwe pfungwa yakaoma ndeyekudyidzana pakati pekuchengetedza kwemuviri uye chengetedzo yenyukireya. Muchiitiko chekutanga zviitiko zvakabatana ne kuchengetedzwa kwemuviri kwenzvimboMatanho anofanirwa kuumbwa kuitira kuti mutungamiriri wePEI agamuchire kuraira nekukurumidza kubva kumukuru wekuchengetedza muviri, achinyatsoziva chiitiko, achiongorora kuoma kwayo, uye kuronga zviito zveChirongwa Chekudzivirira Kwemuviri uye PEI.
Iyi yese seti yezviito inofanirwa kufunga nezvese maitiro ekushandisa ekuisirwa, ronga zviito zvakananga zvezvikamu zvisina kukanganiswa mumasaiti ane akawanda reactor uye chengetedza kuchengetedzwa uye kuchengetwa kwevashandi vese vari mukati mesaiti, vangave kana kwete vashandi vekambani.
Emergency mhinduro sangano (ERO) uye manejimendi nzvimbo
Mubati anosungirwa kugadzira a Emergency Response Organisation (ERO) Yakakura zvakaringana, inokwanisa, uye yakashongedzerwa kubata tsaona dzese dzakaonekwa mukuongororwa kwekuchengetedza. Iri sangano rinofanirwa kusangana nematanho mana ekutanga: kusimba (kugona kuchengetedza mhinduro nekufamba kwenguva), kuchinjika (kuchinja uye kutyora), kuzara (kufukidza mabasa ese), uye kusimba (kudzivirira uye kutonga kwevashandi vanopindira).
Mukati meORE iyi, a zvachose kuvapo duty shift munzvimbo uye inomisikidzwa nyore nyore yekumisa emergency. magetsi emagetsi ari kushandaIyo yeku-call timu inofanirwa kunge ichikwanisa kuve panzvimbo mukati meinodarika awa imwe mushure mekuita; nguva yakareba yekupindura inogona kururamiswa mune zvimwe zvivako, asi nguva dzose nemaitiro akajeka. Iyo saizi yekuongorora inofanirwa kufunga nezve tsaona dzakakomba, kurasikirwa kunogona kuitika kwenzvimbo hombe, uye kusakwanisa kwechikwata che-on-call kuwana saiti kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana.
Icho chimiro cheiyo Mutungamiriri wePEI Iri basa rakakosha: rinosanganisira kuzivisa mamiriro enjodzi, kuzivisa kupera kwayo, kuzivisa zviremera, uye kutungamira zvese zvekupindura zviito uye mashandiro. Zvinofanira kujeka kuti ndezvipi zvinzvimbo zvinogona kutora basa iri, kurongeka kwekutanga, uye nzira yekuendesa kuraira kana pakaitika shanduko yehutungamiriri.
El ORE sangano chati anofanira kutsanangura zvinzvimbo, kutsamira kwavo kwehutungamiriri, mabasa uye mabasapamwe chete nevanhu vanogona kuzadza nzvimbo yega yega uye kurongeka kwekutevedzana. Zvese zviri pamusoro zvakanyorwa uye zvinoongororwa nguva nenguva kuti zvienderane neshanduko muchirimwa kana mumirau.
Kubva pakuona kwezvivakwa, nzvimbo yacho inofanirwa kunge iine, padiki, imwe control room iyo inotanga kushanda senzvimbo yekukurumidzira manejimendi uye a Technical Support Center (CAT)Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zviri kushanda zvinewo a CAGEYakagadzirwa nemaitiro ekusimba, radiological kudzivirira, kudengenyeka kwepasi uye kugara kweinenge maawa makumi manomwe neshanu kune gumi nemaviri evanhu, nemagetsi akachengeteka, kufefeterwa kwemhepo, kusimbiswa kutaurirana (kusanganisira nesetiraiti), nzvimbo dzekubvisa tsvina, radiometric rabhoritari uye kuchengetedza kwemidziyo yakakosha.
Dzimwe nzvimbo, CAE uye masevhisi ekutsigira
Mukuwedzera kune nzvimbo huru, dzimwe nzvimbo dzinotsanangurwa mumagetsi ekushanda. nzvimbo dze emergency uye nzvimbo Zvakadai seCAO (Centers for Operational Assistance), nzvimbo dzekubuda kwevashandi, CEE (Center for Emergency Response), iyo CSE (Center for Emergency Services), mapuratifomu ekufambisa mhepo, nzvimbo dzakachengeteka dzezvikwata zvekuderedza tsaona dzakakomba, nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa, uye nzvimbo dzekurapa. Muchiitiko chega chega, nzvimbo, zvishandiso, mabasa ekukurumidzira, activation maitiro, vashandi vevashandisi, uye kurongeka nedzimwe nzvimbo zvinofanirwa kutsanangurwa.
Chinhu chinosiyanisa cheSpanish system kuvepo kwe External Support Center (CAE)Nzvimbo yepakati inowanikwa kunze-saiti, ine michina yakaedzwa uye yakachengetedzwa uye ine vashandi vakadzidziswa kutsigira nzira dzekudzikisa chero chirimwa mukati meawa makumi maviri nemana ekutanga. Mitemo inotangwa yekukumbira zviwanikwa zvayo, maitiro ekushanda uye ekufambisa, zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa, uye nzira dzekugadzirisa zvinoshomeka.
Mubati anofanira kuchengetedza makombiyuta anotakurika kushandisa nzira dzekudzikisa mumamiriro ezvinhu ekukuvadza kwakakura (pombi, majenareta, zvekuyeresa, nezvimwewo), pamwe chete nekufambisa kwechirongwa chekunze kwenzvimbo yekukurumidzira radiological surveillance. Midziyo iyi inofanirwa hukuru kuti ishande pasi pezvimiro zvakashata uye nemamiriro ekunze.
Kune rumwe rutivi, zvinotarisirwa rubatsiro rwekunze munzvimbo dzakadai sekudzimisa moto, kuchengetedzwa kwemuviri, zviwanikwa zvekurapa, uye Logistics. Kunyanya, iyo Military Emergency Unit (UME) inoonekwa seyekuwedzera, isingambokoshe, tsigiro: iyo Regional Operations Hofisi (ORE) inofanirwa kuzvimiririra isina zviwanikwa zvayo, kunyangwe nzira yekuzivisa uye yekubatanidza neUME inogona kuisirwa mamiriro akakomba.
Zvese izvi nzira uye zvivakwa zvinofanirwa kuisirwa a chirongwa chekuchengetedza uye chekuyedza iyo inoongorora kushanda kwayo, inotsanangura mhando dzebvunzo, maitiro ekugamuchirwa, ma frequency, uye nhanho dzekuripa kana paine mhedzisiro isingagutse. Kunyangwe kufukidzwa kwekutaurirana kwemukati kune saiti kunofanirwa kuongororwa nguva nenguva.
Internal Emergency Plan (IEP) uye manejimendi ayo
Iyo PEI ndiyo gwaro rekushanda repamutemo iyo inotsanangura njodzi dzinoonekwa dzenzvimbo, sangano rekutarisana nadzo, chiziviso kumatare anokwanisa, matanho ekudzivirira evashandi, nzira dzakananga uye zvishandiso zvekukurumidzira uye chirongwa chekudzidzisa uye chekurovedza muviri chinovimbisa kushanda kwesangano rekupindura.
Ichi chirongwa chinosanganisira ruzivo rwakakosha senge kwenzvimbo yesaiti, kureba kwayo pamusoro pegungwa, kubatana kwemubati nehurongwa hwekunze hwekukurumidzira (Plaben, DBRR), nzira dzekubatanidza nevakuru vekunze, runyorwa rwematanho anovandudza hurongwa uye nheyo dzekutanga uye zvinodiwa zvakasimbiswa neCSN Instruction.
Kugadziridzwa kuPEI kunobata Nuclear Safety kana Radiological Protection kunofanirwa kuve zvakatenderwa nebazi rinokwanisa nemushumo wakanaka kubva kuCSN. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuchinja nekuda kwemitemo mitsva, kuchinjwa kwekutanga zviitiko, muhutano hwekukurumidzira, mukupindura sangano, zvivako uye zvigadzirwa, zviito zvekupindura, mabasa ekutsigira kunze kana muchirongwa chekudzidzisa.
Mufananidzo we kugadziridzwa kudikiIdzi dzokororo hadzikanganisi zvinhu zvakakosha zvinotaurwa uye, kana mvumo ichibvumira, inogona kubvumidzwa zvakananga nemubati. Nekudaro, idzi dzakadzokororwa kuPEI dzinoendeswa kuCSN neshumo rinopembedza kuti zvechokwadi vadiki uye havangambotapudzire mwero wezvinodikanwa zvekudzokorora kwazvino.
PEI gadziriro yekugadzirisa inosanganisira nzira dzekuongorora, kugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa zvose zviri zviviri chirongwa uye magwaro anochigadzira, kuisa nguva dzekupedzisira dzekupinda musimba rekudzokorora kutsva, kugoverwa kwemakopi anodzorwa munzvimbo dzese dzekukurumidzira uye kudzidziswa kwakananga kuvashandi veORE pane shanduko dzakaunzwa.
Kudzidzira, maekisesaizi uye simulations
Kugadzirira chaiko kweORE kunoenderana zvakanyanya neiyo zvikwaniriso zvevashandiNaizvozvo, maneja anofanira kuongorora zvinodiwa zvekudzidziswa zvechinzvimbo chimwe nechimwe achishandisa nzira yeSAT (Systematic Approach to Training) uye kumisa nzira. mapurogiramu ekutanga uye nguva nenguvatheoretical uye inoshanda, iyo inovandudzwa gore negore kuti ibatanidze zvidzidzo zvakadzidzwa, shanduko yemitemo uye zviitiko zvakakodzera.
Iyi purogiramu inofanira kusanganisira kutevedzera maitiro ekuongororaMatanho ekubhadharisa aripo kana zvinangwa zvikasazadzikiswa, uye zvakakosha kuti tive nechokwadi chekuti zvinzvimbo zvese zvine vashandi vakakwana vanokwanisa munjodzi dzenguva refu, kunyangwe idzo dzinotora mavhiki akati wandei kana kukanganisa mayunitsi akawanda. Kudzidzira nguva imwe chete hakuna kukwana: kudzidziswa kuri kuenderera uye kuongororwa gore negore.
Uyezve, musoro wenyaya unotsanangura a chirongwa chekudzidzisa kuburikidza nemaekisesaizi iyo inozivisa mabasa ese ane chekuita nezviito zvechikamu chega chega chekukurumidzira, kusanganisira nzira dzeGEDE neGMDE pazvinoshanda. Inofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvese zvirimo uye zvirimo zvakavharwa mukati menguva isingadariki makore mashanu, uye kuti nzira yakarongeka iripo yekuongorora maekisesaizi uye kutora zvidzidzo zvakadzidzwa.
Iwo maekisesaizi anofanirwa kuvhara mabatirwo emidziyo yakakodzera uye masisitimu (kutaurirana, kuongororwa kwetsaona, fungidziro yedosi, kudzima moto, rubatsiro rwekurapa, radiological monitoring, inotakurika michina uye masisitimu echirimwa), kushandiswa kwemidziyo yekuzvidzivirira, kuraira uye kutonga zviitoKubatana pakati pemapoka ekukurumidzira, kubata kwemaitiro uye nhungamiro, sampuli yekuunganidza, kubuda, kuverenga kwevashandi, uye kurongeka nerutsigiro rwekunze.
Panguva imwe chete, ivo vari kuvandudzwa PEI drill zvirongwaMukushanda kwemagetsi emagetsi, kanenge kamwe kamwe kechimbichimbi chibooresa pagore kunofanirwa kuitwa, paine chiitiko chinomutsa zvinzvimbo zvese mukati meEmergency Response Team (ERT). Iyo Nuclear Safety Council (CSN) inoisa huwandu hwepagore, uye mumakore mashanu kutenderera, zviitiko zvakaita senge zviito zvehutsinye panzvimbo ino, tsaona dzinokurumidza kubuda, kukanganisa panguva imwe chete pamayuniti akati wandei, tsaona dzakakura dzekukuvadza, kana kurasikirwa kwenzvimbo dzekukurumidzira kunofanirwa kuongororwa.
Chiziviso, kutaurirana uye kupera kwenjodzi
Kana chiitiko chekutanga sezvinotsanangurwa muPEI chikaitika, mubati anofanira zivisa CSN (kuburikidza neSalem) uye kune Operational Coordination Center yekunze kwekukurumidzira manejimendi mukati menguva dzakaoma kwazvo: mukati me30 maminetsi nezwi uye mukati me60 maminetsi nekutumira data kubva pakuzivikanwa kwechiitiko.
Iyo fomati yekuzivisa inofanirwa kusanganisira ruzivo rwakadzama nezve nzvimbo yakakanganisika, chikamu chekukurumidzira, nguva yechiitiko, chimiro chenzvimbo, kurongeka kwezvipingamupinyi, mamiriro ekunze, uye inofungidzirwa sosi nguva. tarisiro yeradiological impactZvikumbiro zverubatsiro rwekunze, zvirongwa zvekubuda kwevasina kukosha, uye data pamusoro pevakakuvara uye yakasvibiswa inosanganisirwa. Muzvirimwa zvine mayuniti maviri, chimiro chechikamu chimwe nechimwe chinotsanangurwa, uye chikamu chekuchengetedza chinogamuchirwa chesaiti.
Nzvimbo yacho inofanira kunge iine zvishoma ma network maviri akazvimirira uye asina basa Masisitimu ekukurukurirana pakati penzvimbo dzavo dzekukurumidzira neCSN's Salem system inokwanisa kutsigira kufambiswa kwezwi uye data mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara. Kana iyo otomatiki masisitimu ikatadza, mubati anopota achitumira akakosha paramita kuburikidza neimwe nzira, ine yakanyanya frequency yemaminetsi makumi matatu kana sekutemerwa neCSN.
Mumagetsi emagetsi ane pa-site mafuta, a imwe satellite system Kuvimbika kwepamusoro kwakakosha pakutaurirana kune ese ari maviri ekunze manejimendi nzvimbo (CECOP, Salem) uye ORE vashandi. Uyezve, kana kushandiswa kweiyo yakasefa yemidziyo yekufemesa system ichitarisirwa, Mutungamiriri wePEI anofanira kuzivisa Salem neCECOP pachine nguva kuti varongedze mhinduro yekunze.
Maitiro ekupedza dambudziko remukati anofanirwa kutsanangurwa kare, tichifunga nezvemamiriro enzvimbo, saiti, uye kurongeka nevakuru vekunze. Mushure mekunge dambudziko chairo rapera, mushandisi anofanira kuendesa mushumo kuCSN mukati memazuva makumi matatu. yakazara emergency emergency report ine tsananguro, nguva, zviito, ongororo yeradiological, zvidzidzo zvakadzidzwa, zvikanganiso zvakaonekwa uye matanho ekugadzirisa ane mazuva ekupedzisira uye mapato ane mutoro.
Kunyoresa, kuvimbiswa kwehutano uye kuregererwa
Marekodhi ese anogadzirwa panguva yekupindura kune emergency chaiyo anotariswa marekodhi pasi pekusimbiswa kwemhando nekuchengetwa zvachose. Imwe neimwe ongororo nyowani yePEI uye maitiro anoigadzira anofanira kutumirwa mukati memazuva gumi kuSalem yeCSN uye kune inoenderana yekunze coordination Center, nguva dzose sezvinyorwa zvinodzorwa.
Iyo emergency management system inosanganiswa mu chirongwa chekusimbisa kunaka kwevabatiIri pasi pekuongororwa kwegore negore kunoongorora zviitiko zvakaongororwa, zvisizvo, zvinoonekwa, mikana yekuvandudza, kugadzirisa zviito, uye kugadzirisa. Mamiriro ezviito izvi anotariswa semi-pagore, uye zviitiko zvese mukati mechirongwa chekusimbisa hunhu zvine maitiro chaiwo.
Murairo unopa mukana wekuti CSN, pazvikumbiro zvine musoro, kupa kuregererwa kwenguva pfupi kune zvimwe zvinodiwa kana kugamuchira zviyero zvakaenzana, chero zvichiratidzwa kuti mwero wekuchengetedza uye kuchengetedzwa kweradiological kunovimbiswa. Nekudaro, kusatevedzera Murairo kunorangwa pasi peNuclear Energy Act, iyo inosimbisa maitiro ayo anosungirwa.
Neiyi yekutonga, tekinoroji uye yehurongwa hwaro, inotsigirwa ne ruzivo rwepasi rose (European mirayiridzo, US NRC nhungamiro, IAEA kurudziro, OECD Nuclear Energy Agency kurudziro, kana kurudziro kubva kumapoka akadai seHERCA neWENRA), chinangwa ndechekuti mirairo yekushandisa nyukireya MuSpain, zviyero izvi hazvifanirwe kungoramba zviri dzidziso; dzinofanira kushandurirwa mumaitiro ane simba, kudzidziswa kunoenderera mberi, kuongororwa nguva dzose, uye tsika yakasimba yekuchengetedza. Uyezve, zvese izvi zvinosangana nekujeka uye zvisungo zvekuteedzera zviri pamutemo munzvimbo dzakaita semakuki manejimendi pamawebhusaiti emasangano. Izvi zvinosanganisira kudzora zvinhu zvakaita sekushandiswa kwezvishandiso zvekuongorora (zvakadai seAdobe Analytics), makuki emvumo yehunyanzvi, uye makuki ane chekuita nesocial network, zvichibva zvasimbisa kuvimbana zvese nehunyanzvi uye maererano neruzivo uye kutaurirana kwedhijitari.
