Nhoroondo uye shanduko yesimba remhepo: Kubva pamhepo kuenda kune turbine

Mazuva ano iyo mhepo ine simba Ndiyo imwe yeanonyanya kushandiswa simba renewable sources munyika. Kubudirira kwayo kwehunyanzvi kwakakwira zvakanyanya mukati memakumi emakore apfuura, kuve imwe yehunyanzvi hwekuita tekinoroji mukugadzirwa kwesimba rakachena. Kushandiswa kwemhepo kwekare senhoroondo yevanhu. Humbowo hwekutanga hwekushandiswa kwesimba remhepo hwakatanga muna 3000 BC, pakashandiswa ngarava paNairi, uye kusvika kuzana ramakore rechi XNUMX BC panguva yekutonga kwaHammurabi muBabironi, uko zvigayo zvemhepo Vakabvumira mvura kuti ipombwe yekudiridza. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora nhoroondo yesimba remhepo, kubva kwayakabva kusvika pakushanduka kwayo nhasi.

Kwakatangira uye nhoroondo yesimba remhepo

Kushandiswa kwesimba remhepo munhoroondo kwakanyorwa munguva dzakasiyana-siyana uye budiriro. Imwe yekutanga kushandiswa kwemhepo sechitubu chesimba kwaive kufamba uye kutengeserana kwemugungwa. Maseiri engarava dzaifamba murwizi rwaNire muEgypt yekare akatotora mukana wesimba remhepo kufamba. Saizvozvowo, muMesopotamia yekare madiridziro ekutanga akavakwa ayo aishandisa zvigayo kupomba mvura. Pakazosvika gore ra1000 AD, magiyo emhepo akanga atowanda kuMiddle East uye akatanga kupararira muEurope mukati meMiddle Ages. Mumwe wemienzaniso inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeyeDutch windmills, inoshandiswa kudhiza machakwi nemadhamu, pamwe nekukuya zviyo. Izvi akawanda-blade zvigayo Zvakanga zviri zvivakwa zvikuru uye zvinononoka, asi zvakaratidza kuva zvinokosha mukusimudzira kurima neupfumi. Munyika yeAsia, kunyanya muChina makore akapoteredza 200 BC, kushandiswa kwemhepo yemhepo yemabasa akadai sekudhonza mvura kubva mumatsime kwakanga kwatonyorwa. Zvigayo zveChinese izvi zvaive nechimiro cheaxis chakatwasuka, chaive chakasiyana nemhando dzeWestern horizontal axis. Zvichakadaro, muPersia, zvigayo zvaishandiswawo kudiridza uye kukuya zviyo, zvichiratidza kushandiswa kwakapararira uye ruzivo rwepakutanga rwezvakanakira mhepo semanyuko esimba.

Iyo Renaissance yesimba remhepo uye iyo Industrial Revolution

Nekuuya kweChimurenga cheMaindasitiri muzana ramakore rechi 19, kufarira simba remhepo kwakadzikira sezvo marasha neoiri zvakawana nzvimbo sezvitubu zvesimba guru. Zvisinei, zvigayo zvemhepo hazvina kunyangarika zvachose. Munzvimbo dziri kure nemaguta makuru, kunyanya kumaruwa, zvigayo zvakanga zvichiri kushandiswa kuita mabasa akasiyana-siyana. MuUnited States, the akawanda-blade zvigayo Vakave vakakurumbira pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 1887, kunyanya munzvimbo dzekumaruwa dzekumadokero kwekupomba mvura. Aya magetsi emhepo, ane chimiro chakareruka asi chinoshanda, akashanda sehwaro hwekutanga majenareta emagetsi emhepo, akagadzirwa pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX. Imwe yebudiriro yakakosha zvikuru yakaitika muna XNUMX, apo Charles F. Brush akavaka iyo inonzi ndiyo yokutanga turbine yemhepo inogadzira magetsi. Iyi turbine yaive yakakura muhukuru, ine 144 matanda emisidhari rotor blades, uye kunyangwe kugona kwayo kwaive kushoma, yaive chiitiko chakakosha pamberi pekugadzira magetsi kuburikidza nesimba remhepo.

Yekutanga mhepo turbines uye 20th century

Mukati mehafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechi1931, kufambira mberi mukugadzirwa kweturbine yemhepo kwainonoka asi kuchioneka. Muna 100, turbine yemhepo yakagadzirwa muYalta ine simba re1930 kW, nhamba inokosha yenguva iyoyo. Zvisinei, hazvina kusvika kuma1940 nema3 apo kugadzirwa kwemhepo kwakatanga kushandiswa mumaruwa eU. Mugadziri weNorth America Jacobs ndiye akatanga kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emhepo kuti abudise magetsi munzvimbo dzekumaruwa ane huwandu hwe1930 KW panguva ye1940s dhizaini iyi yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuunza magetsi kunzvimbo dziri kure pasina kudiwa kwekubatanidza kune giredhi yemagetsi. Muna XNUMX, yekutanga mhepo huru muVermont, United States, ine chizvarwa chinokwana 1 MW. Pashure peHondo Yenyika II, kushandiswa kwesimba remhepo kwakaderera zvikuru. Kuwana zvakachipa kuoiri uye kukwira kwemafuta makuru efossil-based power kwaireva kuti kudyara muhunyanzvi hwemhepo kwakaderedzwa zvakanyanya. Kwemakumi emakore akati wandei, simba remhepo rakaramba riri kumashure kusvika zviitiko zve geopolitical uye shanduko yehupfumi zvadzoserwa muchiedza.

Dambudziko remafuta uye kudzoka kwesimba remhepo

Chiitiko chikuru chinotevera munhoroondo yesimba remhepo chakaitika muma1970 panguva iyi dambudziko remafuta Yakasimbisa kutsamira kwenyika yose pamafuta ezvicherwa uye yakavhura musuwo wekugadzirwa kwezvimwe zvinoramba zviripo. Simba remhepo rakatangazve sechisarudzo chinoshanda uye zvirongwa zvekutsvagisa zvakatanga kugadzirwa munyika dzakati wandei sechikamu chekutsvagisa magetsi akachena. Denmark yakamira kunze mukuvandudza kwe maturbine emhepo emazuva ano muma1980 uye akava mutungamiri wepasi rose mukugadzira uye kutumira kunze kwemidziyo. Kufambira mberi uku kwakabvumira kudzikira kukuru kwemitengo yekugadzira uye kukwikwidza kukuru mumusika wesimba. Pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, simba remhepo rakanga ratowana basa rakakodzera mupasi rose simba panorama. Maturbine emhepo akakura uye anoshanda zvakanyanya, ari kumahombekombe uye kumahombekombe, akagadzirwa kuti awedzere kugadzirwa munzvimbo dzine mhepo isingaperi. Kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakasanganiswa uye dhizaini yeaerodynamic yemablades zvakare yakavandudza zvakanyanya kushanda kwemidziyo iyi.

Kukwira kwesimba remhepo muzana remakore rechi21

Mukati memakumi maviri emakore ekutanga ezana remakore rechi2019, simba remhepo rakawedzera zvisina kumboitika. Munyika dzakawanda, yakapfuura kugadzirwa kwemagetsi ezvicherwa zvemafuta echinyakare, zvichibatsira zvakanyanya mukuderedza kuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse. Muna 564, International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) yakashuma kuti pasi rose yakaiswa simba remhepo rinosvika 5 GW, inomiririra XNUMX% yemagetsi epasi rose. Nhasi, ma turbines emhepo ari kuwedzera kukura uye ane simba ari kuiswa mumapurojekiti ekunze kwemahombekombe, uko mamiriro emhepo ari nani. Zvivako izvi zvinogona kugadzira magetsi akawanda, anokwana kupa simba mumaguta ese. Nyika dzakadai seGermany, China neUnited States dzakatungamirira kushandiswa kwemapurazi makuru emhepo, zvose pasi uye mumvura yegungwa. Simba remhepo rakaratidza kuva imwe yeanonyanya kuvimbisa matekinoroji eramangwana maererano nekugadzikana uye yakachena simba rekugadzira. Sezvo matekinoroji ari kuramba achivandudza uye mitengo yekugadzira ichidzikira, simba remhepo rinogona kuramba richiita basa rakakosha muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX shanduko yesimba. Nekuwedzera kuri kuda kwezviwanikwa zvinogonekazve, simba remhepo rine ramangwana rakajeka seimwe yeanotungamira masosi emagetsi pasi rose.