Aerosols Iwo madiki madiki anoramba akaturikwa mumhepo yePasi uye anogona kuva nesimba rakasimba pane ese ari maviri kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze senge mu kunaka kwemweya. Zvinogona kubva kuzvinhu zvakasikwa zvakadai sekuputika kwemakomo kana guruva rerenje, uyewo kubva mumabasa evanhu akadai sekupisa kwemafuta.
Chii chinonzi aerosols uye nei ichikosha?
Kana tichitaura nezve aerosols, vanhu vazhinji vanofunga nezvezvigadzirwa zvemumba mumidziyo yakamanikidzwa, asi mune yemamiriro ekunze, aerosols inovhara huwandu hwakasiyana hwezvikamu, kubva kumarara emaminerari echisikigo kusvika kumakomisheni anobva kumabasa emaindasitiri. Aerosols of anthropogenic origin ane simba guru pamamiriro ekunze nekuda kwekugona kwavo kuratidza kana kutora mwenje wezuva uye kukanganisa kuumbwa kwegore.
Zvimedu izvi zvine hukuru hwakasiyana uye maitiro. Somuenzaniso, the sulfate sprays inogadzirwa nekutsva kwemafuta efossil kana biomass inowanzoparadzira mwaranzi yezuva, zvichikonzera kutonhora. Zvimedu izvi zvinoita sezvionioni zvidiki zvinotsveyamisa chimwe chiedza chezuva chinosvika paNyika. Ukuwo, aerosols akadai marasha matema, inozivikanwawo sesoot, inotora mwaranzi yezuva, ichikonzera kuwedzera kwekushisa kwenzvimbo.
Mavambo uye marudzi eerosols
Aerosols ane maviri makuru mabviro:
- Aerosols echisikigo mavambo: Zvinobva mumaitiro echisikigo akadai sekuputika kwemakomo, madutu ejecha kana munyu kubva kumakungwa unotakurwa nemhepo. Aya maaerosols akakura muhukuru uye ane hupenyu hupfupi mumhepo.
- Anthropogenic aerosols: Mabviro ayo mabasa evanhu, sekupiswa kwehuni. Aya maaerosols anosanganisira sulfates, nitrate, uye dema kabhoni, pakati pevamwe. Ivo vanowanzova madiki muhukuru kupfuura maaerosols echisikigo, uye nekuti vanoramba vari mumhepo kwenguva yakareba, maitiro avo akareba uye akawedzera.
Mukuwedzera, zvakajairika kuwana maaerosols akasanganiswa anosanganisa aya maviri masosi. Semuyenzaniso, munzvimbo dzemumaguta, zvimedu kubva kumabasa emaindasitiri zvinogona kusanganiswa neakamiswa guruva guruva.
Mhedzisiro yeaerosols pamamiriro ekunze: Basa rakaoma
Maaerosols anoita basa rakakosha mumamiriro ekunze epasi nekuda kwekugona kwavo kukanganisa chiyero pakati pesimba rinosvika kubva kuZuva uye rinopenya richidzokera muchadenga. Pane nzira mbiri huru idzo aerosols dzinopesvedzera iyi system:
- Direct effect: Mamwe maaerosols, akaita sesulfate aerosols, anokwanisa kutaridza chiedza chezuva achidzokera muchadenga, zvichideredza huwandu hwemwaranzi inosvika paPasi. Chiitiko ichi chinokonzera a cooling effect nezvemamiriro ekunze.
- Indirect effect: Aerosols zvakare inokanganisa kuumbwa uye kushanduka kwemakore. Anoshanda semakonzori emhute yemvura, achibvumira madonhwe emakore kuti aumbe. Kuwanda kwemaaerosols munharaunda, kunowedzera huwandu hwemadonhwe mumakore, asi madonhwe aya anenge ari madiki, izvo zvinogona kuwedzera kutaridzika kwemakore uye kurebesa hupenyu hwavo, zvichigadzira kumwe kutonhora.
Nekudaro, haasi ese aerosols anotonhorera pasi. Aerosols kufanana black carbon, iyo inogadzirwa nekupisa kusina kukwana kwefossil mafuta uye biomass, inotora chiedza chezuva uye kupisa mhepo. Izvi zvinogadzira mhedzisiro yeaerosols pakuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze yakaoma uye, mune dzimwe nguva, inotopokana.
Kukanganisa kweaerosols pakugadzira makore
Chinhu chakakosha cheaerosol isimba rawo pakuumbwa kwemakore, izvo zvinozokanganisa kunaya kwemvura uye mamiriro ekunze enzvimbo. Makore akaumbwa pamberi pezvimedu zvakakwirira zvinogona kujeka uye kupenya, zvichireva kuti chiedza chezuva chishoma chinosvika pasi pePasi.
Nekudaro, kana paine aerosols yakawandisa mumhepo, maitiro ekugadzira makore anogona kukanganiswa. Zvichangoburwa zveNASA zvidzidzo zvakaratidza izvozvo utsi uye guruva aerosols Vanogona kutora mwaranzi, vachidziya mhepo yakapoteredza. Izvi zvinorwisa kuyerera kwemhepo uye zvinodzivirira makore kuti asakura zvachose, ndiko kuti, haabvumiri mhute yemvura kugwamba kuva madonhwe akakura zvakakwana kunaya semvura. Naizvozvo, aerosols akawandisa anogona kuderedza kuwanda kwekunaya kwemvura, zvichigona kushandura mamiriro ekunze enzvimbo.
Aerosols uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze: masking kudziya kwepasirese
Imwe yeanonyanya kukosha maitiro eaerosols mumamiriro ekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze ndeyekuti ivo vanoita senge nzira iyo masks chikamu chekudziya kwepasirese zvinokonzerwa nemagreenhouse magasi. Zvinoenderana neongororo yakaitwa neIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), maaerosols akagadzirisa chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chekudziya kunokonzerwa nekuwedzera kwecarbon dioxide uye methane kubvira paIndustrial Revolution.
Zvisinei, muripo uyu unopa dambudziko. Sezvo nyika dzichiita marongero ekudzikisa kuburitswa kweaerosol nekuda kwekukuvadza kwadzo hutano, kutonhora kweaerosols kunotarisirwa kudzikira, izvo zvinogona. kusimudzira kudziya kwepasi rose. Ichi chiitiko chakatotanga kuonekwa munzvimbo dzemabhizimisi dzeAsia neEurope, uko kuvandudzwa kwehutano hwemhepo kwakakonzera kuwedzera kwekushisa kwenharaunda.
Mutengo muhutano hweveruzhinji uye mitemo yemamiriro ekunze
Kunyangwe maaerosols ane mhedzisiro yekutonhodza, haifanirwe kutorwa semhinduro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze nekuda kwavo migumisiro yakakomba pahutano hwevanhu. Aerosols, kunyanya ayo anobva mukupiswa kwefossil mafuta uye biomass, akabatana nezvirwere zvekufema uye zvemoyo uye anobatsira kumamiriyoni ekufa gore rega rega. Sekureva kweWorld Health Organisation (WHO), kusvibiswa kwemhepo ndiko kunokonzera kufa kwevanhu vanosvika mamirioni manomwe gore rega rega.
Nechikonzero ichi, marongero emamiriro ekunze emarudzi akasiyana-siyana anotsvaka kuenzanisa kuvandudzwa kwehutano hwemhepo nechido chekudzora kudziya kwepasi. Tekinoroji nyowani, senge carbon capture, iri kuferefetwa kuderedza kuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse pasina kuwedzera kuburitswa kweaerosol.
Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye neruzivo rwekuita sarudzo kuchave kwakakosha mumakore anotevera kuchengetedza chiyero pakati pekuderedza kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze nekuvandudza hutano hweveruzhinji.
Hapana mubvunzo kuti ma<em>aerosol chinhu chinokosha musayenzi yemamiriro ekunze uye kuti simba rawo pakudziya kwepasi—kungava kutonhora kana kuti kupisa pasi—hazvirambiki. Tsvagiridzo yeramangwana ichave yakakosha kuti tinzwisise zvirinani mhedzisiro yayo uye nemabatiro atingaita maitiro ayo papasi redu.