Nhasi biofuels anoshandiswa kune mamwe mabasa ehupfumi. Dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya ndidzo ethanol uye biodiesel. Zvinonzwisiswa kuti carbon dioxide gasi inobudiswa nebiofuel yakanyatsoenderana nekutorwa kweCO2 kunoitika nechirimwa photosynthesis.
Asi zvinoratidzika kuti izvi hazvisizvo zvachose. Maererano neongororo yakaitwa neYunivhesiti yeMichigan Energy Institute inotungamirwa na John DeCicco, kuwanda kwekupisa kwakachengetwa ne CO2 inobudiswa nekupisa kwebiofuels haisi kuenzana nehuwandu hweCO2 iyo mbeu dzinotora panguva yekuita photosynthesis pakukura zvirimwa.
Chidzidzo ichi chakaitwa zvichibva pane data kubva ku United States Department of Agriculture. Nguva dzakaongororwa umo kugadzirwa kwebiofuel kwakawedzera, uye kutorwa kwecarbon dioxide nezvirimwa kunongobvisa 37% yehuwandu hweCO2 inoburitswa nokupisa biofuels.
Zvakawanikwa muzvidzidzo zveMichigan zvinopesana zvakajeka kuti iyo Kushandiswa kwebiofuel kunoramba kuchiwedzera huwandu hweCO2 inobudiswa mumhepo uye haina kuderera sekufunga. Kunyangwe kunobva kuburitswa kweCO2 kuchibva kubiofuel senge ethanol kana biodiesel, mambure emhepo ari mumhepo akakura kupfuura ayo anotorwa nezvirimwa muzvirimwa, izvo zvinoreva kuti zvinoramba zvichibatsira mukupisa kwepasirese.
Chii chinonzi biofuels?
Biofuels mafuta anowanikwa kubva kubiomass, kureva, organic matter. Kune zvizvarwa zvakati wandei zvebiofuel, asi inonyanya kuzivikanwa uye parizvino inoshandiswa ndeye ethanol uye biodiesel, izvo zvanga zvichiwana kukosha muzvikamu zvakaita sezvekufambisa.
Ethanol inogadzirwa kubva pakuviriswa kwezvirimwa zvakaita sechibage nenzimbe, nepo biodiesel inowanwa kubva mumafuta emiriwo, senge muchindwe, soya kana mafuta ekubikisa akadzokororwa. Chimiro chayo chikuru ndechokuti, muchirevo, inofanira kuva nemigumisiro yakaderera pamagetsi eCO2, sezvo, muhupenyu hwehupenyu hwebiofuel, zvinomera zvinotora CO2 panguva yekukura kwavo, zvichigadzira kuenzanisa kwemaitiro asina kwaakarerekera maererano nekubuda.
Ndezvipi zvinonetsa pamusoro pekushanda kwayo chaiko?
Zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakapikisa fungidziro iyi. Maererano nebasa re John DeCicco, mabhenefiti ezvakatipoteredza ebiofuel anodzikira zvakanyanya kana hutsi hunobva mukugadzirwa kwavo uye kushandiswa kwekupedzisira kuchitariswa.
'Ichi chidzidzo chekutanga kunyatsoongorora kabhoni inoburitswa panyika panorimwa biofuel, pane kuita fungidziro pamusoro payo. "Tikatarisa zviri kuitika pasi, tinoona kuti hapana kabhoni yakakwana inobviswa mumhepo kuti ibvise izvo zviri kubuda muswe," akadaro DeCicco.
Panzvimbo yekuve zvachose kabhoni isina kwayakarerekera, zvakaratidzwa kuti mamwe magasi egreenhouse anoburitswa panguva yekupiswa kwebiofuels kupfuura zvinomera zvinogona kutora panguva yekukura kwavo. Pamusoro pezvo, zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sekutema masango, kushandiswa kwefetereza, uye simba rekugadzirisa biofuels zvinoita basa rakakosha mukukanganisa kwayo kwese kwezvakatipoteredza.
Kugadzirwa uye kugadzirwa kwebiofuels
Kune marudzi akawanda ebiofuel akaiswa mumapoka akati wandei. The chizvarwa chekutanga biofuels ndeaya anowanikwa kubva muzvirimwa zvinodyiwa, sechibage kana nzimbe, apo chizvarwa chechipiri biofuels Vanoshandisa zvisingadyike mbishi zvinhu, senge agro-industrial tsvina kana isiri-chikafu biomass.
- Chekutanga chizvarwa chebiofuel, senge bioalcohols (ethanol uye methanol) uye biodiesel, dzave dzakanyanya kutsiva mafuta efossil.
- Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwayo kwakaunza kukakavara pamusoro pekuchengetedza kwayo, muchidimbu nekuda kwekuwedzera kwemutengo wezvigadzirwa zvekurima uye kuparadzwa kwemasango kunokonzerwa nezvirimwa zvakadai semuchindwe kugadzira biodiesel.
Pasi rose, biodiesel nemamwe mabiofuel anewo anokanganisa kutemwa kwemasango. Chirevo che Zvifambiso uye Zvakatipoteredza yakaratidza kuti mafuta ebiofuel anobva mumafuta emichindwe nesoya bhinzi anogona kusvibisa zvinosvika 80% pane dhiziri yechinyakare kana hutsi hunokonzerwa nekutemwa kwemasango huchitariswa.
Dambudziko rekuparadzwa kwemasango uye shanduko yekushandisa ivhu
Rimwe rematambudziko makuru nebiofuels nderekuti nzvimbo yakakura yekurima inodiwa kuti igadzire. Izvi zvakakonzera chiitiko chinozivikanwa se shanduko yekushandiswa kwevhu isina kunanga, iyo inosanganisira kuwedzera kwevhu rekurima munzvimbo dzaimbova masango kana masango. Kutendeuka uku kune mutengo wezvakatipoteredza, sezvo huwandu hukuru hwe CO2 hwakachengetwa muzvinomera zvakacheneswa uye ivhu rinoburitswa.
MuBrazil, semuenzaniso, kutemwa kwemamiriyoni emahekita esango rinogara richinaya reAmazon kuita nzvimbo yezvirimwa zvesoya bhinzi yekugadzira biofuel kwakanyorwa. Aya marudzi emaitiro haangokanganisa chiyero che CO2 chete, asiwo anoisa pangozi kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu uye ecosystems emunharaunda.
Kugadzirwa kwakanyanya kwemabiofuels kubva muzvirimwa zvakaita semichindwe kwakonzera kuparadzwa kukuru kwemasango munyika dzakaita seIndonesia. Sekureva kweEcologyas en Acción, kudiwa kuri kuita biofuel kunogona kukonzera kuparadzwa kwemasango anosvika mahekita 7 miriyoni, kuchiburitsa matani bhiriyoni 11 eCO500 mumhepo.
Dzimwe nzira dzechinyakare biofuels
Kunyangwe zvimhingamipinyi, hutsva hutsva hunotsvaga kukwidziridza mashandisirwo emagetsi ebiofuels kubva chizvarwa chechipiri kana kuti chizvarwa chechitatu, iyo inoshandisa marara emaindasitiri kana algae, nokudaro kuderedza kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Mienzaniso inosanganisira iyo hydrotreated yemiriwo mafuta (HVO), iyo inogona kuwanikwa kubva kumarara ekubikisa mafuta nemafuta emhuka, imwe sarudzo ine ushamwari. Muchokwadi, munyika dzinoverengeka dzeEurope, makambani makuru emagetsi ari kutanga kugadzira HVO, achipa imwe nzira inosvibisa kune yechinyakare biodiesel.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kune tsvagiridzo itsva inoongorora kushandiswa kwe mabhakitiriya akadai seStreptomyces kugadzira biofuel inoshanda uye isinga svibise kuburikidza nekushandisa mamorekuru akadai se «Jawsamycin«. Hutsva uhu hunogona kushandura magadzirirwo anoitwa biofuel mune ramangwana.
Pakupedzisira, mafuta ekugadzira akadai se e-mafuta, iyo inosanganisa green hydrogen neyakabatwa kabhoni dhaokisaidhi, kugadzira yakavharwa kabhoni kutenderera iyo inogona kuderedza zvakanyanya mambure egreenhouse gasi muchikamu chekutakura.
Muchidimbu, mabiofuel achine nzira refu yekuenda kuti ive mhinduro yechokwadi yezvakatipoteredza. Sezvo matekinoroji matsva achifambira mberi uye dzimwe nzira dzakasimba dzichitsvakwa, zvakakosha kuchengetedza nzira yakakosha uye kufunga nezvese zvinokonzeresa kwezvakatipoteredza pakugadzirwa kwavo nekushandisa.