Kubva kare-kare, vanhu vakatarira kudenga vachitsvaka mhinduro, kudziya, kana chiedza. Zuva, simba risingaperi remasimba, ragara riri chinhu chinoyemurwa uye kushandiswa mutsika dzakasiyana. Nekudaro, zvave mumazana emakore achangopfuura apo takanzwisisa, kudzidza uye kugadzira matekinoroji anokwanisa kushandura chiedza ichocho kuita simba remagetsi rinobatsira kuburikidza ne solar panels.
Shanduko yemapanera ezuva inyaya inonakidza inoratidzwa nezvakawanikwa nesainzi, kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, uye mabhindauko ekuchinja.. Kubva pakutanga nemagirazi akareruka uye maovheni ezuva kusvika kumagetsi ezuva emazuva ano anokwanisa kuwana hunyanzvi hunodarika 22%, rwendo urwu runoratidza hunyanzvi hwevanhu pabasa rekusimudzira uye nharaunda.
Kutanga kushandiswa kwezuva sechitubu chesimba
Kare kusati kwawanikwa photovoltaic effect, magariro akasiyana-siyana akanga atoshandisa simba rezuva nenzira dzakangwara.. Pakazosvika zana ramakore rechitatu BC, maGiriki ekare akange atoshandisa magirazi ekunangisa kupenya kwezuva pazvinhu kubatidza moto, nzira yakatonzi yakaitwa naArchimedes panguva yeHondo yeSirakuse, kwaaifunga kuti aishandisa magirazi kupisa ngarava dzeRoma.
MuRoma yekare, yakatarisana nekushomeka kwehuni, zvivako zvakavakwa zvakatarisana nezuva kuti zvibate kupisa. VaRoma vaishandisa magirazi mumafafitera edzimba dzavo kuchengetedza kupisa., uye vakagadzirawo dzimba dzegirinhi, dzinozivikanwa sedzimba dzemagirazi, kwavairima miti yekunze nekuda kwetembiricha isingaperi inogadzirwa nechiedza chezuva. Ichi chikamu chekuvakwa kwezuva chakakosha pakutaura nezvazvo kunyaradza kumba.
Nokufamba kwenguva, vakagadzirisa zvivakwa zvezuva. Kodzero yepamutemo yekuwana chiedza chezuva yakatangwa, dzimba dzakagadzirwa kuti dzienderane nemwaka, uye zvigadzirwa zvakadai se heliocaminus, hovhoni yezuva yaishandisa simba rezuva kupisa nzvimbo dzomukati kana kubika zvokudya.
Munyika dzokuAmerica, vanaAnasazi, vaIndia vokuAmerica vanobva kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweNorth America, vakagadzira dzimba nemisha zvakanangidzirwa kuzuva kuti zvibatsirwe nechiedza charo nokupisa.. Vaigara mudzimba dzematombo nematombo, pamawere akatarisana nezasi, ayo aivapa kudziya kwechisikigo munguva yechando. Iyi nzira yekuvaka inoonekwa nhasi sefanotungamira kune solar kuronga kwemaguta.
Mazana emakore ekuedza kwesainzi: The photovoltaic effect
Makanga muri muzana ramakore rechi 1767 umo sainzi yakatora matanho ekutanga kusimba rezuva razvino. Muna 100, muongorori wezvisikwa wekuSwitzerland anonzi Horace Bénédict de Saussure akagadzira ovheni yekutanga yezuva, bhokisi regirazi raiisa kupisa kwezuva uye rakasvika tembiricha inopfuura XNUMX ° C, zvichiita kuti chikafu chinyatsobikwa.
Muna 1839, nyanzvi yefizikisi yekuFrance Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel akawana magadzirirwo ephotovoltaic, achiona kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvinogadzira magetsi kana zvikaiswa muchiedza. Kuwana uku kwakakosha kwakaisa hwaro hwekuvandudza mune ramangwana remasero ezuva. Iyi nheyo yakakosha pakunzwisisa zvino kushanda kwezuva.
Gare gare, muna 1866, Augustin Mouchot akavaka chiunganidzi chezuva chokutanga cheparabolic, chaishandisa magirazi kunangidzira mwaranzi yezuva uye kugadzira chiutsi chaityaira injini. Ichi chigadzirwa chaive nhanganyaya yesimba rinopisa rezuva.
Iwo ekutanga solar panels: Kubva padzidziso kusvika pakudzidzira
Muna 1883, Charles Fritts akagadzira solar panel yekutanga achishandisa selenium yakavharwa neshizha regoridhe. Kunyangwe yaingove 1% inoshanda, yaive danho rakasimba. Muna 1891, Clarence Kemp akagadzira hita yekutanga yemvura yezuva, bhokisi regirazi raipisa tangi yemvura nhema.
Muna 1905, Albert Einstein akapa tsananguro yedzidziso yephotoelectric effect, uye muna 1921 akapiwa mubayiro weNobel nokuda kwayo. Muna 1916, Robert Millikan akaedza kusimbisa iyi dzidziso, nesainzi achibatanidza chiitiko ichi. Iyi budiriro yaive yakakosha kune ruzivo rwaidiwa mukati ongorora mari uye maitiro.
Muna 1953, Dan Trivich akaita masvomhu ezvinyorwa pamusoro pekushanda kwemasero ezuva akagadzirwa kubva kune zvakasiyana-siyana. Kwapera gore, muna 1954, Bell Labs yakaunza yekutanga silicon solar cell ine kugona kwe4%. Vagadziri vayo, Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller naGerald Pearson, vakateya nheyo dzemazuva ano solar panel.
Simba rezuva munzvimbo uye kuwedzera kwayo kuNyika
Kushandiswa kwekutanga kunoshanda kweaya mapaneru kwaive muchadenga. Muna 1958, Vanguard 1 satellite yakatangwa, yekutanga kushandisa simba rezuva, ichiibvumira kushanda kwemakore matanhatu mukutenderera.
Muna 1963, imba yemwenje yekutanga yephotovoltaic yakaiswa muOgami, Japan, zvichiratidza kutanga kwekushandiswa kwepasi kwehunyanzvi uhu. Gore rimwe chetero, Sharp yakatanga kugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri akawanda emagetsi ezuva munyika iyoyo. Kubudirira uku kwakavhura musuwo kune mutsva solar panel systems.
Kwemakumi maviri emakore akatevera, tekinoroji yakafambira mberi nekukurumidza, uye muna 1970 NASA yakapa mapaneru kurudzi rwePapago sechikamu chechirongwa chekuyedza. Muna 1981, Paul MacCready akagadzira ndege yekutanga ine simba rezuva.
Tekinoroji kufambira mberi uye kubudirira kwakavandudzwa
Muna 1985, boka repaYunivhesiti yeNew South Wales rakawana yekutanga silicon cell nekugona kukuru kupfuura 20%. Muna 1993, yekutanga grid-based distributed power system yakaiswa muKerman, California.
Munguva ye90s uye 2000s, zvinhu zvakanatswa: monocrystalline uye polycrystalline silicon masero akagadzirwa, pamwe chete nematekinoroji-mafirimu matekinoroji, izvo zvakaderedza mari uye kuvandudza kushanda uye kushanduka. Kubudirira uku kwaive kwakakosha kune kuiswa kwepaneru yezuva.
Muna 1998, Subhendu Guha akagadzira flexible silicon solar tiles, uye muna 2005, yekutanga DIY solar panels yakaonekwa, iri nyore kuunganidza uye yakagadzirirwa matunhu ari kusimukira.
Zvizvarwa zvemasero ezuva uye ari kubuda matekinoroji
Ikozvino kune zvizvarwa zvakawanda zve photovoltaic teknolojia iri kukurukurwa.. Yekutanga yakavakirwa pacrystalline silicon ine goho rinosvika 15-20%. Yechipiri inosanganisira masero akaonda-mafirimu, ayo akareruka uye akachipa, kunyange zvishoma zvishoma.
Chizvarwa chechitatu chinovimba nezvinhu zvakaita secarbon nanotubes, quantum dots, uye dhayi-sensitive cell (DSSCs), zvine mukana unopfuura 30% uye hukuru hwakasiyana-siyana mumafomati senge pendi yezuva kana semi-pachena mapaneru. Izvi zvakakosha pakufunga itsva solar applications.
Chizvarwa chechina chiri kuuya chichabatanidza mapolymers uye nanoparticles mu multispectral layers kutora mawavelength akasiyana, kusanganisira infrared. Izvi zvichabvumira shandura kunyange kupisa kwemarara kuita magetsi, kuwedzera kushanda.
Zvemagariro, zveupfumi uye zvezvakatipoteredza
Kushandiswa kwemagetsi ezuva kwakashandura nzira yatinogadzira nekushandisa simba. Vanga vari kiyi ku kuisa magetsi kumaruwa, kupa mvura yakachena kuburikidza nemapombi ezuva, uye kuderedza kutsamira kwedu pamafuta ezvicherwa. Kubata uku kwakakosha kana uchiongorora kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Nhasi, anowanikwa mudzimba, zvivakwa, mota, masetiraiti, uye kunyange zviteshi zvemuchadenga. Iwo zvakare anoshandiswa zvakanyanya kusaina, kufonera, kuchengetedza cathodic, uye kurapwa munzvimbo dziri kure.
Mukuwedzera, mari yaro yakaderedzwa zvikuru. Zvinoenderana nezvidzidzo, mutengo pawatt yemapanera ezuva wakadzikira kubva pamadhora makumi manomwe pawatt muna 70 kusvika pasi pemadhora 1977 nhasi. Aya maitiro anofambirana nemutemo weSwanson, uyo unoti pese pese kugadzirwa kwakapetwa kaviri, mitengo inodonha ne0,25%.
Ikozvino uye ramangwana resimba rezuva
Tekinoroji nyowani senge N-Type TOPCon maseru ari kushandiswa parizvino., iyo inosanganisa tunnel oxide nePERC semiconductors kuti iwedzere kushanda uye kuderedza kusanganiswa kwerekitironi. Mamodheru emazuva ano anotopfuura 500W papaneru, ane hunyanzvi hunodarika 22% muzvigadzirwa zvekutengesa.
Tsvagiridzo inoenderera mberi nekugadzira zvinhu zvitsva senge perovskites, graphene, uye mahybrid mhinduro. Maitiro acho akananga kune akareruka, ane simba zvakanyanya mapaneru ane yakazara architectural kubatanidzwa: solar facades, photovoltaic windows, uye kunyange solar textiles. Kufambira mberi uku kwakakosha transparent solar panel tekinoroji.
Chinangwa ndechekuwana simba rakachena, rakasununguka, rakazara uye rinokwanisika.. Simba rezuva riri kubuda semumwe wevatambi vakuru mukushandurwa kwesimba kunotsanangura makumi emakore ari kuuya.
Kushanduka-shanduka kwemapanera ezuva imhaka yemazana emakore ekuda kuziva kwesainzi, kuona, kugadzira, uye kutsungirira. Kubva kumagirazi echiGreek kuenda kumasetellite emuchadenga, uye kubva kumaovheni ezuva kusvika kune ekucheka-kumucheto photovoltaic masero, zuva rave uye richaramba riri mumwe wevabatsiri vedu vakuru. Nhasi, kupfuura nakare kose, simba rezuva haringori imwe nzira, asi chido chokukurumidzira uye mukana chaiwo wokufambira mberi kunzanga yakachena, yakaenzana, uye inoshanda zvikuru.
