La indasitiri yeshangu nedehwe Iri kutarisana nenguva yekuchinja kukuru, uko Shangu dzinotarisira nharaunda Zviri kuwedzera kukosha: gore rega rega zviuru zvematani emarara eganda zvinogadzirwa, mazhinji acho achizovigwa mumarara kana kupiswa muzvitofu. Mumamiriro ezvinhu apo mitemo yezvakatipoteredza iri kuramba ichioma, kuramba uchitarisira marara aya semazuva ese hakusisiri sarudzo chaiyo.
Zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu aya, mapurojekiti akaita se RECUBIC, inotungamirwa neITE neInescopVanoratidza kuti zvinokwanisika kugadzirisa dambudziko iri nekushandura zvimedu zveganda kuita zvinhu zvinokosha. Nekuda kwe pyrolysis, tekinoroji yekurapa kupisa isina oxygen, marara aya anobva pakuva dambudziko guru rezvakatipoteredza nehupfumi kusvika pakushandurwa kuita zvipenyu zvine nitrogen yakawanda, mafuta anobatsira pakugadzira makemikari uye gasi rekugadzira rine simba rinoshandiswa, zvichibatanidza chikamu ichi nehupfumi hwakatenderera uye kubvisa kabhoni.
Chikamu chakakosha chine dambudziko guru remarara eganda
La Valencian Community ine vanhu vanosvika hafu ye yemakambani ari muindasitiri yeganda neshangu dzeSpain. Hunyanzvi uhwu hwakasimba hunewo dambudziko rahwo: chikamu ichi chinoburitsa zvinhu gore rega rega zviuru zvematani emarara mushure mekushandiswa kwemaindasitiri —zvimedu zvakachekwa, zvidimbu zvisina kunaka, zvidimbu zvedehwe, nezvimwewo.— izvo zvinowanzoguma zvapinda mumarara.
Kuwedzera pakucheka kwakasimba, kugadzirwa kwedehwe kunogadzira kukwesha guruva, tsvina yetsvina, matope nezvimwe zvinhu zvinobva pairi zvakabatana nezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekutsvaira ganda, zvakawanda zvacho zvine chromium salts nezvimwe zvinhu zvemakemikari. Rukova urwu rwese rwemarara rune musanganiswa wakaomarara uyo inodzivisa kukosha kwayo kwezvinhu kana simbaIzvi zvinotsanangura kuti sei paine mienzaniso mishoma kwazvo yekudzokorodza zvinhu mumaindasitiri uye, kazhinji, munzvimbo dzisina vanhu vakawanda.
Chimwe chinhu chakanyanya kuoma ndechekuti kutarisira dehwe rakatsvukiswa ne chromeiyo ichiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya pasi rose—inenge 90% yematehwe anotsvukiswa nemunyu we chromium une trivalent. Kunyangwe rudzi urwu rwekutsvukiswa kweganda ruchipa mabhenefiti makuru mukushanda kwemuchina, simba, uye kugadzikana kwehukuru, inewo njodzi: trivalent chromium, yakagadzikana uye isingakuvadzi mumamiriro ayo ekutanga, inogona kuoxidize ku hexavalent chromium, chinhu chinokonzerwa nekenza, kana chikaiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu e oxidation kana kutsva kusingadzoreki.
Dambudziko rinotowedzera kana Marara edehwe anosanganiswa nezvimwe zvinhuDzinopinzwa tembiricha yakakwira kana paine okisijeni kana kuti dzinobatwa mumiti isina kugadzirwa kuti ienderane nerudzi urwu rwekuyerera kwemvura. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, kuchinja kubva kuCr(III) kuenda kuCr(VI) kunova mukana chaiwo, zvichikonzera kukanganisa hutano nenzvimbo.
Kuti zvinhu zviwedzere kuipa, mamiriro ezvinhu emutemo ari kuramba achinetsa: Mutemo 7/2022 pamusoro peMarara neIvhu Rakasvibiswa —zvichienderana nemirairo yeEurope— zvinorambidza, kubva muna 2025, kupiswa nekuzadzwa kwemarara e tsvina yemarara Zvikurukuru, izvi zvinoreva marara emaindasitiri anobva mumachira nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvakafanana. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvakananga marara edehwe, ndosaka chikamu ichi chiri kumanikidzwa kutsvaga dzimwe nzira dzinoshanda dzekudzivirira kutyora mutemo.
Muhurongwa hutsva uhwu, zvinotevera zvinosimbiswawo: Mutoro Wakakura weVagadziri (EPR)Izvi zvinoda kuti makambani atore chikamu mukutarisira marara anogadzirwa nezvigadzirwa zvavo muhupenyu hwavo hwese: kubva pakugadzira nekusarudza zvinhu kusvika pakuunganidza, kugadzirisa, uye kudzoreredza marara mushure mekushandiswa. Nenzira iyi, dehwe rinorega kungova chinhu chakanaka chehunyanzvi uye rinova dambudziko rekutarisira kwenguva refu.
Pyrolysis senzira yakachena yekushandura marara edehwe kuita biochar
Zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu aya emutemo uye zvakatipoteredza, Pyrolysis iri kubuda senzira huru yekuvandudza tekinoroji yekurapa tsvina yedehwe nenzira yepamusoro. Kupisa tsvina yedehwe inzira yekupisa makemikari inosanganisira kupisa zvinhu kusvika pakupisa kwakanyanya kana pasina okisijeni, kuitira kuti kutsva kusaitike, asi kuti kuora kwezvinhu zvipenyu kudzorwe.
Kushandiswa paganda, pyrolysis inogadzira zvikamu zvikuru zvitatuKune rumwe rutivi, kabhoni yakasimba ine nzvimbo yakakwira yepamusoro uye porosity inoshamisa yemukati inowanikwa; kune rumwe rutivi, oiri ye pyrolysis ine makemikari anodiwa; uye, pakupedzisira, a gasi rekugadzira kana syngas izvo zvinogona kushandiswa pakushandisa simba. Kugoverwa kwezvikamu izvi kunoenderana nematanho akadai sekupisa, nguva yekugara, kana mwero wekupisa.
Kana mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, chikamu chikuru ndicho biochar ine maburiine chimiro chakapfuma chenitrogen chinobva mumapuroteni eganda. Marasha aya anogona kushandiswa sezvinhu zvekusefa, kutsigira catalytic, agronomic amendment, kana kutoshandiswa mumidziyo yekuchengetedza simba. Kutaura zvazviri, nzvimbo yayo yepamusoro uye kuvapo kwemapoka anoshanda enitrogen zvinowedzera mashandisirwo ayo.
Chimwe chezvakanakira zvikuru zve pyrolysis pane kupisa kwakajairika ndechekuti Inobvumira chikamu chikuru chechromium kusafamba-famba muchikamu chakasimba. inowanikwa muganda rakatsvukiswa, nokudaro ichideredza njodzi yekuumba hexavalent chromium. Matanho anotevera ekucheneswa uye ekushanda kwekabhoni anobvumira kunatsiridza kudzora uku, kuitira kuti chigadzirwa chekupedzisira chigone kushandiswa zvakachengeteka mukushandiswa kwakasimba kwezvakatipoteredza.
Mundima iyi, tekinoroji inzvimbo dzakadai se Inescop (Nzvimbo yeTekinoroji yeShangu) ITE (Energy Technology Institute) yave ichiunganidza ruzivo kwemakore akawanda. Mubasa rapfuura, Inescop yakashanda pamwe chete neUniversity Institute of Materials paYunivhesiti yeAlicante kuratidza kugona kwe biochars dzinobva paganda rakachekwa kuti dzishande. kuchengetedza magasi ane chepfu akadai sehydrogen sulfide (H2S) munzizi dzebiogas, zvichivhura mukana wekushandiswa muzvigayo zvekurapa marara uye muzvigayo zvebiogas.
RECUBIC: kukoshesa marara edehwe kuita biochars dzinokosheswa zvikuru
Ruzivo urwu ndirwo hwaro hwakavakirwa pahuri RECUBIC (Kugadziriswa kweMarara eDehwe kuita Biochar kuti Ashandiswe muKurapa Kwezvakatipoteredza), chirongwa chakatsigirwa nemari neIVACE+i neEuropean Union kuburikidza neERDF Operational Programme yeValencian Community 2021-2027. Chirongwa ichi, chine mafaira akasiyana (semuenzaniso, IMDEEA/2025/54 uye IMDEEA/2025/96) zvichienderana nebasa racho, chakagadzirwa pakati pa2025 na2026 uye chine bhajeti inosvika 360.000 euros.
El ITE inoronga chirongwa ichiichipa ruzivo rwayo mumabasa esimba uye pyrolysis, ukuwo Inescop ndiye anotarisira chikamu chine chekuita nedehwe.Kushandira pamwe uku kunosanganisira kutsanangurwa kwemarara emunguva yekushandiswa kwemaindasitiri, kuongororwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemarara, kusarudzwa kwemasampuli anomiririra, uye kutsanangurwa kwemamiriro ekushanda akakodzera. Izvi zvinovimbisa nzira yakakwana, kubva pakabva marara kusvika pakusimbiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvinobva.
Chinangwa chikuru cheRECUBIC ndechekuti Gadzira uye gadzirisa maitiro chaiwo e pyrolysis yemarara eganda izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kushandurwa kuita zvigadzirwa zvine kukosha kwakanyanya: biocarbons dzinoshandiswa kugadzirisa nharaunda, mafuta ane makemikari anogona kushandiswa kana mafuta anogona kushandiswazve, uye gasi rekugadzira simba. Zvese izvi zvichivimbisa kushanda kwehunyanzvi, hupfumi, uye nharaunda kwechirongwa chakarongwa.
Mupurojekiti yese, basa rinoitwa pa kuzivikanwa uye kupatsanurwa kwenzizi dzakasiyana dzemarara zvinogadzirwa neindasitiri yeshangu nezvinhu zvedehwe: zvidimbu zvedehwe zvakatsvukiswa nechrome, zvasara zvemagadzirirwo akasiyana, musanganiswa nemachira, nezvimwewo. Chinangwa ndechekuona kuti maitiro akagadzirwa akafara uye anogona kudzokororwa sezvinobvira, kuitira kuti agone kushandiswa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvigadzirwa zvisina kugadziriswa zvakanyanya.
Muchikamu chemaitiro, ITE neInescop zvinotarisa pane kugadzirisa chikamu checarbonaceousNekugadzirisa tembiricha, mhepo, nguva, uye matanho ekushanda kwemakemikari kana emuviri, chinangwa ndechekuwana makabhoni ane porous ane nzvimbo yakakwirira, chimiro chakapfuma mune nitrogen, uye mashandiro akakodzera kushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana: kubva kumafirita emvura nemhepo kusvika kuma electrocatalysts kana kugadziriswa kwekurima.
Pamwe chete, Kuumbwa uye mashandiro emafuta epyrolysis uye gasi rekugadziraMaitiro aya anoongorora kukodzera kwawo semafuta anogadzirwa nemhepo, musanganiswa wekupisa kwemaboiler kana mainjini, kana senzira dzekutanga indasitiri yemakemikari. Izvi zvinobvumira kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe chinogadzirwa, kuderedza marara uye kutevedzera misimboti yehupfumi hwakatenderera.
Mashandisirwo ezvigadzirwa zveganda zve biochars munzvimbo dzakatikomberedza
ari mishonga yemhuka inobviswa kubva mumarara edehwe Dzakaiswa sezvinhu zvinoshanduka-shanduka mubasa rekurapa zvakatipoteredza. Nekuda kwechimiro chadzo chine maburi uye kuvapo kwenitrogen mucarbonaceous matrix yadzo, dzinogona kukwikwidzana nemacarbon anoshandiswa ekare ekare uye kutovandudza mamwe maitiro adzo.
Imwe yenzira dzakakurumbira ndeyekushandiswa kwayo se zvinosvibisa magasiIzvi zvinonyanya kukosha muhurongwa hunogadzira hydrogen sulfide (H2S), gasi rine chepfu uye rinoparadza rinowanzo kuwanikwa mu biodigesters uye anaerobic digesters. Miedzo yapfuura yakatungamirirwa neInescop yakaratidza kugona kwemacarbon aya kuchengetedza H2S zvinobudirira, zvichivandudza mhando yebiogas.
Chimwe chinhu chikuru chinoshandiswa ndeche kubatwa kwecarbon dioxide (CO2) munzizi dzemaindasitiri dzine huwandu hwakawanda hwegasi iri, dzakadai sedzine chekuita nekugadzirwa kwesimende. Chirongwa cheRECUBIC chinosanganisira bvunzo dzakanangana nekuongorora maitiro ezvipenyu pasi pemamiriro chaiwo eCO2 emission, kutsvaga mhinduro dzinobatsira mukubvisa kabhoni muchikamu ichi.
Muchikamu chemvura, biochars dzeganda dziri kuyedzwa kuti sefa yekubvisa tsvina mumvura yakasvibakusanganisira zvinhu zviri kubuda uye zvinhu zvakaoma kubvisa nehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano. Kuwanda kwemaburi uye makemikari epamusoro emarasha ndizvo zvakakosha pakubata tsvina dzakasiyana-siyana.
Uyezve, kubatanidzwa kwezvinhu izvi kunoongororwa mu maitiro ekugadzira manyowa uye kuora kwezvipenyu kuri naniZvichishandisa mukana wekuchengetedza zvinovaka muviri, kugadzirisa nharaunda, uye kukurudzira mashandiro ehutachiona, biochars inogona kushanda senzira yekuvandudza ivhu rekurima, kuvandudza kuchengetwa kwemvura, mhepo, uye kubereka, ukuwo ichigadzirisa kabhoni muvhu zvakadzikama.
Uyezve, hunhu hwenitrogen hwemarasha aya hunovhura mukana wekushandiswa kwawo se ma electrocatalysts mu electrochemical processesIzvi zvinosanganisira maitiro ekugadzira hydrogen yegirini kana hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Nekutsiva zvinhu zvakanaka zvakaita seplatinum nemakabhoni epamusoro-soro asingadhuri, mitengo inoderedzwa uye kugara kwenguva refu kwetekinoroji itsva kunovandudzwa.
Kusimbiswa kwemaindasitiri uye kushanda pamwe chete nemakambani anotungamira
Chinhu chikuru cheRECUBIC ndechekuti hachingogumiri pakutsvagurudza murabhoritari chete: Kubva pakutanga kwayo, yakagadzirwa ichinyanya kutarisisa indasitiri.Kuti izvi zviitike, chirongwa ichi chinovimba nekubatsirana kwemakambani anobva muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana anopa marara, mamiriro chaiwo ekushanda, uye mamiriro chaiwo ekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa.
Pakati pemakambani anoshanda pamwe chete ndeaya: Çimsa Cementos España, mutungamiri wepasi rose mukugadzira zvinhu zvechichena. Basa rake kuRECUBIC rinotarisa pane Kuongororwa kwekushanda kwe biochars mukubata CO2 mukushanda kwayo kwemafuta egasi. Kambani iyi inopa ruzivo pamusoro pehuwandu hwemvura inoyerera, tembiricha, uye kuumbwa kwemagasi anoburitswa, izvo zvinoumba nzira chaiyo yekuedza kusimbisa mhinduro dziri kutaurwa.
Muchirevo chekufamba kwemvura kwakabatana, FACSA (Sociedad de Fomento AgrÃcola Castellonense, SA), weGimeno Group, ndiye anotungamira kuyedza biochars mukuchengetedza tsvina mumvura yakasvibaKushandisa ruzivo rwavo mukurapa mvura nekutarisira zviwanikwa. Varimi veVega de Valencia (SAV) Inopa mvura yakasviba kubva muzvigadziko zvayo zvekurapa kuti iite mimwe miedzo yekushanda kwechinhu chine kabhoni.
Muchikamu chekupa zvinhu zvakagadziriswa, Kucheka kweDIAFA, bhizinesi remhuri riri mubazi reshangu, rinobatsira marara epashure pemaindasitiri kubva paganda rakatsvukiswa nechrome uye inopa ruzivo rwakadzama nezvekwakabva, marapirwo akamboitwa, uye maitiro azvinoitwa. Ruzivo urwu runokosha ku tsvaga marara akawanda uye anomiririra uye nekudaro, kugadzira maitiro e pyrolysis ane musoro pachiyero chechikamu.
The company Mhinduro dzeSuez dzakangwara uye dzezvakatipoteredza, inonyanya kugadzirisa mhinduro dzekutarisa nekurapa tsvina mumvura, ivhu nemhepo, inobata ne simbisa mashandiro ekabhoni inoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwoZvikuru, inoongorora kubviswa kweH2S mugasi rinobuda remuchina we biodigester wakaiswa paRincón de León WWTP (Alicante), izvo zvinoita kuti mhedzisiro yerabhoritari ienzaniswe nekuisa kwekushanda.
Munyaya ye tekinoroji yepamusoro uye simba rakachena, kambani yeValencian MATTECO, yakatsaurirwa kune nanotechnology uye zvinhu zvekugadzira hydrogen yakasvibirira, inobatanidzwa mu kuongororwa kwemakabhoni semagetsi anokatyamadza yemaitiro emagetsi uye kugadzirwa kwehydrogen peroxide. Iyi nzira inovhura munda unonakidza wekuratidza kuti biochars dzeganda dzinogona kukwikwidzana nema catalysts akavakirwa pasimbi yakanaka, zvichideredza mitengo uye kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Pakupedzisira, Miedzo yekurima yeSinyent nekuvandudzwa kwayoNeruzivo rwayo mukuyedza kurima, ine basa rekuita kusimbisa kushandiswa kwebiochars senzira yekugadzirisa ivhu uye rutsigiro rwekuita manyowaMiedzo yavo yakanangana nekuyera kuvandudzwa kwekubereka kwevhu, kuchengetwa kwezvinovaka muviri uye kuwedzera kwekuora kwezvinhu zvinokwanisa kuumbwa nevhu, nokudaro vachipedzisa kushandiswa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzezvinhu zvinogadzira huswa.
Kubudirira kwakatenderera, kudzokororwa uye kugona kupfuura dehwe
Maitiro eRECUBIC anoenderana zvakakwana nemaitiro e nheyo dzehupfumi hwedenderedzwaPanzvimbo pekutsvaga zvinhu zvitsva zvekugadzira zvinhu, maitiro acho anotanga nemarara atogadzirwa neindasitiri yematehwe uye anoapa hupenyu hwechipiri muchimiro chezvigadzirwa zvine kukosha kwakanyanya. Izvi zvinoderedza kumanikidzwa kwezviwanikwa zvechisikigo, zvinodzivirira kuunganidzwa kwemarara munzvimbo dzinorasirwa marara, uye zvinobatsira kuderedza zvimwe zvinokanganisa nharaunda, zvakaita semagasi anodziya pasi.
Kunyangwe chirongwa ichi chakatanga kugadzirwa muValencian Community, Muenzaniso uyu unoshanda zvakakwana kune dzimwe nzvimbo. ine chimiro chakafanana nechemaindasitiri. Spain ndiyo nyika yechinomwe pakukura kwekutengesa matehwe asina kubikwa, ichitengesa anenge 4,4% yezvinhu zvinotengeswa pasi rose, uye yechisere pakukura mumatehwe akatsvukiswa, ne3,5% yehuwandu hwese. Nhamba idzi dzinopa pfungwa yemukana mukuru wekushandisa matekinoroji akadai sekubvisa marara ematehwe, kwete munyika chete asiwo pasi rese.
Pamwero wepasi rose, zvinofungidzirwa kuti Indasitiri yematehwe inogadzira marara anosvika mamiriyoni matanhatu pagore.Izvi zvinoita kuti kugadzirisa mafambiro aya kuve chinhu chakakosha pakuchengetedza nharaunda. Zvirongwa zvakaita seRECUBIC zvinopa gwara rakajeka rekushandura dambudziko rakapararira kuita sosi yemikana yetekinoroji nebhizinesi.
Uyezve, avo vari kutungamira chirongwa ichi vanoti Kugona kwe pyrolysis hakugumiri paganda cheteTekinoroji imwecheteyo inogona kushandiswa kukoshesa marara akasiyana-siyana: marara emasango (mapaini, matavi ekuchekerera), marara ekurima (uswa, makoko enzungu, makomba emuorivhi), tsvina yetsvina, kana kunyange marara ejira akaoma kudzokorodza. Kuchinja-chinja uku kunovhura mukana wechizvarwa chitsva chemhinduro dzakanangana nekukoshesa marara, nekushandiswa musimba, nharaunda, uye kurima.
Kubva pamaonero ebhizinesi, chirongwa ichi chinobatsira kukwikwidzana kwejira remaindasitiriNekugonesa makambani ari muzvikamu zvemachira, shangu, mvura, simende, uye simba kuti aongorore nzvimbo itsva dzebhizinesi dzakabatana nezvinhu zvinogara kwenguva refu, izvi zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kugadziriswa nemamiriro ezvinhu apo zvinodiwa nezvakatipoteredza uye kushandiswa zvine hungwaru kwezviwanikwa hazvisisiri zvekusarudza, asi zvinodiwa kuti munhu arambe achikwikwidzana.
RECUBIC inosanganisirawo zviito zvekuparadzira nekutamisaMabasa aya anosanganisira maworkshop ehunyanzvi, mabhuku akasarudzika, uye kushanda pamwe chete nemakambani ari muzvikamu zvesimba nezvakatipoteredza. Chinangwa chavo ndechekuwedzera simba reprojekiti, kugovana mhedzisiro yayo nemamwe maindasitiri, uye kukurumidzisa kushandiswa kwemhinduro dzayo mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana ekugadzira.
Tichitarisa mufananidzo wese, kuzvipira kushandura marara eganda ari mu biochar nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinokosha Izvi zvinoratidza kuti hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji nekushandira pamwe pakati penzvimbo dzekutsvagisa nemakambani zvinogona kushandura marara ane matambudziko kuita chiwanikwa chakakosha. Nekuchinja kubva kumadhara nemidziyo yekupisa kuenda kuma biochar anoshandiswa, mafuta anobatsira, uye gasi rekugadzira, chikamu chedehwe neshangu hachingoteveri mitemo mitsva chete asiwo chinosimbisa kugara kwayo kwenguva refu, chinovhura mikana mitsva yebhizinesi, uye chinozvipa zviri nani kutarisana nematambudziko ezvakatipoteredza nehupfumi emakore anotevera.
