Kuchengetedza nekuchengetedza nharaunda kwave kuri chinhu chakakosha kubvira pakati pezana remakore rechi20. Nekufambira mberi kweIndustrial Revolution, vanhu vakatanga kuona kuti mabasa avo aive nekukanganisa kukuru pasi rose. Izvi zvinosanganisira kwete kungoshandisa zviwanikwa zvechisikigo chete asiwo kusvibiswa kwemhepo nemarara zvinokuvadza mhepo, ivhu, nemvura. Kuziva uku kuri kuwedzera kwakaita kuti pave nezvirongwa zvepasi rose zvakaita seKyoto Protocol, chinangwa chekuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo nemagasi anosvibisa.
Zvibvumirano izvi zvakagadzirirwa kumisa huwandu hwemagasi anobudiswa mumhepo nenyika dzakabudirira zvikuru, idzo dzinonyanya kukonzera kudziya kwepasi kunokanganisa pasi rose. Muchinyorwa chino tichapindura mibvunzo yakakosha senge: Chii chinonzi Kyoto Protocol? Uri kuedza kuwana chii? Ndedzipi nyika dzakazvigamuchira uye zvisungo zvipi zvavakafunga?
Iko greenhouse mhedzisiro uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze
Kuti tinzwisise chinangwa cheKyoto Protocol, zvakakosha kutanga tanzwisisa migumisiro yakaipa yekuburitswa kwemagasi mumhepo, kunyanya mhedzisiro yegreenhouse . Chiitiko ichi chinosanganisira kugona kwemamwe magasi (akadai secarbon dioxide, methane, uye nitrous oxide) kubata kupisa mumhepo, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwekupisa kwepasi.
Kupisa kwepasi rose kwakasikwa uye kunodiwa kuti pave nehupenyu panyika, sezvo pasina iko tembiricha dzaizosvika -88 degrees Celsius. Zvisinei, dambudziko riri mukuwedzera kwakanyanya kwemhedzisiro iyi nekuda kwemabasa evanhu, kunyanya ayo anokonzerwa nekupiswa kwemafuta ekare, kuparadzwa kwemasango, uye mabasa emaindasitiri.
Kuwedzera kwekupisa uku kunochinja kuenzana kwemamiriro ekunze, zvichigadzira chatinoziva nhasi sekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze , nemigumisiro yakaipa, sekunyunguduka kwenzvimbo dzakadzika, kukwira kwemvura yegungwa, kusanaya kwemvura kwakanyanya, pakati pezvimwe zviitiko.
Chibvumirano cheKyoto chakagadzirwa nechinangwa chikuru chekuderedza kuburitswa kwemhepo inopisa (GHG) kuderedza nekuderedza migumisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Ndicho chimwe chezvishandiso zvakakosha zvepasi rose mukurwisa kudziya kwepasi rose.
Iyo Kyoto Protocol
Chibvumirano cheKyoto chakatenderwa musi wa11 Zvita, 1997, muKyoto, Japan, uye chakatanga kushanda musi wa16 Kukadzi, 2005. Ichi chibvumirano chepasi rose chinosunga zviri pamutemo nyika dzakabudirira (dzakanyorwa muAnnex I yeChibvumirano) kuderedza kuburitswa kwemhepo inopisa. Chibvumirano ichi chikamu cheUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) uye chinoonekwa seimwe yematanho akakosha mukurwisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze pasi rose.
Iyi protocol yakasimbisa zvisungo zvakanangana nenyika dzakasimukira zvakanyanya, vachitora basa rakakosha rekuve ivo vanoburitsa zvakanyanya nekuda kwemabasa avo emaindasitiri. Kuburikidza nechibvumirano ichi, nyika dzakazvipira kuderedza kuburitswa kwadzo kwemagasi matanhatu ane chekuita negreenhouse effect: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxides, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons uye sulfur hexafluoride.
Nguva yekutanga yekuzvipira yakatanga kubva muna 2008 kusvika 2012. Munguva iyi, nyika dzeAnnex I dzakazvipira kuderedza kubudiswa kwadzo neavhareji ye5.2% kana zvichienzaniswa nemazinga a1990.
Zvinangwa zveKyoto Protocol
Chinangwa chikuru cheKyoto Protocol ndechekuderedza kuburitswa kwemhepo kubva mumagasi matanhatu egreenhouse (GHGs) akaonekwa seanokurumidzisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Zvisinei, hadzisi nyika dzese dzinofanirwa kuderedza kuburitswa kwemhepo kusvika pamwero wakafanana, zvichitungamira mukushandiswa kwenheyo yemabasa akafanana asi akasiyana.
Mutemo uyu unoreva kuti nyika dzakasimukira pamwe nedzine hupfumi hwakanyanya, dzakaita seEuropean Union, Canada neJapan, dzinofanirwa kuita zvisungo zvakakura zvekudzikisa, asi nyika dzichiri kusimukira dziine mukana wekuwedzera hutsi hwadzo nekuda kwekuda kuvandudza hupfumi hwadzo mamiriro.
- Kuderedza mazinga: Madanho ekudzikisa chaiwo akaiswa kune dzimwe nyika. Semuenzaniso, European Union yaifanira kudzikisa kuburitswa kwayo ne8%, Japan ne6%, uye Russia yaifanira kudzikamisa mazinga ayo pasina kuwedzera iwo.
- Chinangwa chepasi rose: Wana kuderedzwa kwakabatana kweinenge 5.2% mukuburitswa kwepasi rose zvichienzaniswa nemazinga e1990.
Hunhu hweKyoto Protocol
Chibvumirano cheKyoto chakapa nyika nzira dzakasiyana dzekuzadzisa zvinangwa zvekuderedza utsi hunobva mumhepo. Izvi zvaisanganisira:
- Carbon inonyura: Nyika dzinogona kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvadzo nekuwedzera huwandu hweanonzi sink yekabhoni, semasango, ayo anotora carbon dioxide kubva mumhepo. Aya masingi anogona kunge ari mukati menyika pachayo uye mune dzimwe nyika.
- Emissions kutengesa: A GHG emissions trading system yakagadzirwa apo nyika dzinodarika zvinangwa zvadzo zvekuderedza dzinokwanisa kutengesa zvakasara kune avo vanotadza kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvavo. Iyi sisitimu inobvumira kuchinjika uye kushanda zvakanaka mukuderedza kuburitswa.
- Yakachena kuvandudza nzira: Nyika dzakasimukira dzinogona kuita mapurojekiti munyika dzichiri kusimukira kuti dzideredze kuburitswa uye nekudaro kuwana kabhoni kiredhiti inoverengera kune yavo yekudzikisa chinangwa.
Kukanganisa kweKyoto Protocol
Pasinei nekuedza kwakaitwa, Kyoto Protocol yakatsoropodzwa nekuda kwekusava nepfungwa dzakakwana dzekudzivirira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inotyisa. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvakakonzera zvikanganiso zvayo:
- Nguva yekutanga yeprotocol (2008-2012) yakangovhara nezve 30% yehutsi hwepasirese, ichisiya maemitter makuru akadai seUnited States, ayo asina kubvumirana neprotocol, uye nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzakaita seChina neIndia, izvo zvaisadiwa. kutevedzera.
- Kunyange zvazvo nyika dzakawanda dzakakwanisa kuderedza kubudiswa kwemhepo, pane dzimwe nguva zvakakonzerwa nekuderera kwehupfumi, kunyanya mushure mekuparadzwa kweSoviet Union, kupfuura nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemitemo yakagadzikana.
- Gwaro iri harina kudzika zvirango zvinosungisa nyika dzinenge dzisina kutevedza zvisungo zvadzo, izvo zvaita kuti dzimwe nyika dzitadze kuita izvi pasina matambudziko akakura.
- Utsi hwepasi rose hwakaramba huchikura hwakazara, nekuda kwekuwedzera kwehutsi munyika dzichiri kusimukira uye dzichiri kusimukira dzaisadikanwa kudzidzikisa.
Zvisinei nekukanganisa uku, Kyoto Protocol yakateya hwaro hwezvibvumirano zveramangwana zvine chishuwo, seChibvumirano cheParis che2015, chinoda kubatanidza nyika dzese mukuderedza utsi.
Tichitarisa mberi, zvibodzwa zvekudzikisa zvave kuda chinzvimbo. Protocol yaive imwe yematanho ekutanga mukusimudzira ruzivo rwepasi rose nezve kukosha kwekuita zvinopesana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.