Kuitira hanya kuchengetedzwa nekuchengetedzwa kwemhoteredzo yave iri nyaya yakakosha kubva pakati pezana ramakore rechi20. Nekufambira mberi kwekuchinja kwemaindasitiri, vanhu vakatanga kuona kuti mabasa avo aikanganisa zvakanyanya pasi. Haisi chete pamusoro pekushandiswa kwezviwanikwa, asiwo nezve emissions uye kubuda kunoshatisa mhepo, ivhu uye mvura. Kuziva uku kwaita kuti pave nehurongwa hwepasi rose hwakadai se Kyoto Protocol yakanangana nekuderedza kuburitswa kwemagasi anosvibisa.
Zvibvumirano izvi zvakagadzirirwa kumisa huwandu hwemagasi anobudiswa mumhepo nenyika dzakabudirira zvikuru, idzo dzinonyanya kukonzera kudziya kwepasi kunokanganisa pasi rose. Muchinyorwa chino tichapindura mibvunzo yakakosha senge: Chii chinonzi Kyoto Protocol? Uri kuedza kuwana chii? Ndedzipi nyika dzakazvigamuchira uye zvisungo zvipi zvavakafunga?
Iko greenhouse mhedzisiro uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze
Kuti unzwisise chinangwa cheKyoto Protocol, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kuipa kwekubuda kwegasi mumhepo, kunyanya. greenhouse effect. Chiitiko ichi chine kugona kwemamwe magasi (akadai secarbon dioxide, methane uye nitrous oxide) kuchengetedza kupisa mumhepo, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwekushisa kwepasi.
Iyo greenhouse effect ndeyechisikigo uye inofanirwa kune hupenyu hwePasi, sezvo pasina iyo tembiricha ingangoita -88 degrees Celsius. Zvisinei, dambudziko riripo kuwedzera zvakanyanya chechiitiko ichi nekuda kwezviitiko zvevanhu, kunyanya izvo zvinobva mukupiswa kwemafuta emafuta, kutemwa kwemasango uye maindasitiri maitiro.
Kuwedzera kwetembiricha uku kunoshandura kuenzanirana kwemamiriro ekunze, zvichigadzira zvatinoziva nhasi se kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, nemigumisiro inoparadza, yakadai sekunyunguduka kwematanda, kukwira kwemvura yegungwa, kusanaya kwemvura kwakanyanya, pakati pezvimwe zviitiko.
El Kyoto Protocol rakagadzirwa nechinangwa chikuru chekudzikisa kuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse (GHG) uku kuderedza nekudzoreredza mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Ndicho chimwe chezviridzwa zvakakosha pasi rose mukurwisa kudziya kwepasi.
Iyo Kyoto Protocol
El Kyoto Protocol rakagamuchirwa pana December 11, 1997 muKyoto, Japan, uye rakatanga kushanda pana February 16, 2005. Chibvumirano chenyika dzakawanda chinosungira zviri pamutemo nyika dzakabudirira (dzakataurwa muAnnex I yeChibvumirano) kuderedza kubudiswa kwemagasi e<em>greenhouse . Protocol iyi chikamu cheUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) uye inoonekwa seimwe yematanho akakosha mukurwisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze pasi rose.
Iyi protocol yakasimbisa zvisungo zvakanangana nenyika dzakasimukira zvakanyanya, vachitora basa rakakosha rekuve ivo vanoburitsa zvakanyanya nekuda kwemabasa avo emaindasitiri. Kuburikidza nechibvumirano ichi, nyika dzakazvipira kuderedza kuburitswa kwadzo kwemagasi matanhatu ane chekuita negreenhouse effect: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxides, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons uye sulfur hexafluoride.
Nguva yekutanga yekuzvipira yakatanga kubva muna 2008 kusvika 2012. Munguva iyi, nyika dzeAnnex I dzakazvipira kuderedza kubudiswa kwadzo neavhareji ye5.2% kana zvichienzaniswa nemazinga a1990.
Zvinangwa zveKyoto Protocol
Chinangwa chikuru che Kyoto Protocol ndeyekuderedza kuburitswa kwemagasi matanhatu egreenhouse (GHG) anonzi ari kukonzera kukurumidza kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Nekudaro, hadzisi nyika dzese dzinofanirwa kudzikisa kuburitswa kwadzo muchikamu chimwe chete, izvo zvinotungamira mukuitwa kwemusimboti we mabasa akajairika asi akasiyana.
Mutemo uyu unoreva kuti nyika dzakasimukira pamwe nedzine hupfumi hwakanyanya, dzakaita seEuropean Union, Canada neJapan, dzinofanirwa kuita zvisungo zvakakura zvekudzikisa, asi nyika dzichiri kusimukira dziine mukana wekuwedzera hutsi hwadzo nekuda kwekuda kuvandudza hupfumi hwadzo mamiriro.
- Kuderedza mazinga: Madanho ekudzikisa chaiwo akaiswa kune dzimwe nyika. Semuenzaniso, European Union yaifanira kudzikisa kuburitswa kwayo ne8%, Japan ne6%, uye Russia yaifanira kudzikamisa mazinga ayo pasina kuwedzera iwo.
- Chinangwa chepasi rose: Wana kuderedzwa kwakabatana kweinenge 5.2% mukuburitswa kwepasi rose zvichienzaniswa nemazinga e1990.
Hunhu hweKyoto Protocol
El Kyoto Protocol yakapa nyika nzira dzakasiyana dzekuzadzisa zvinangwa zvekudzikisa hutsi. Pakati pavo:
- Carbon inonyura: Nyika dzinogona kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvadzo nekuwedzera huwandu hweanonzi sink yekabhoni, semasango, ayo anotora carbon dioxide kubva mumhepo. Aya masingi anogona kunge ari mukati menyika pachayo uye mune dzimwe nyika.
- Emissions kutengesa: A GHG emissions trading system yakagadzirwa apo nyika dzinodarika zvinangwa zvadzo zvekuderedza dzinokwanisa kutengesa zvakasara kune avo vanotadza kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvavo. Iyi sisitimu inobvumira kuchinjika uye kushanda zvakanaka mukuderedza kuburitswa.
- Yakachena kuvandudza nzira: Nyika dzakasimukira dzinogona kuita mapurojekiti munyika dzichiri kusimukira kuti dzideredze kuburitswa uye nekudaro kuwana kabhoni kiredhiti inoverengera kune yavo yekudzikisa chinangwa.
Kukanganisa kweKyoto Protocol
Pasinei nekuedza, the Kyoto Protocol yakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokusava neshungu zvakakwana kudzivisa kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kune ngwavaira. Zvinhu zvakati wandei zvakakonzera kumisa kwayo:
- Nguva yekutanga yeprotocol (2008-2012) yakangovhara nezve 30% yehutsi hwepasirese, ichisiya maemitter makuru akadai seUnited States, ayo asina kubvumirana neprotocol, uye nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzakaita seChina neIndia, izvo zvaisadiwa. kutevedzera.
- Kunyange zvazvo nyika dzakawanda dzakakwanisa kuderedza kubudiswa kwemhepo, pane dzimwe nguva zvakakonzerwa nekuderera kwehupfumi, kunyanya mushure mekuparadzwa kweSoviet Union, kupfuura nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemitemo yakagadzikana.
- Gwaro iri harina kudzika zvirango zvinosungisa nyika dzinenge dzisina kutevedza zvisungo zvadzo, izvo zvaita kuti dzimwe nyika dzitadze kuita izvi pasina matambudziko akakura.
- Utsi hwepasi rose hwakaramba huchikura hwakazara, nekuda kwekuwedzera kwehutsi munyika dzichiri kusimukira uye dzichiri kusimukira dzaisadikanwa kudzidzikisa.
Zvisinei nekukanganisa uku, Kyoto Protocol yakateya hwaro hwezvibvumirano zveramangwana zvine chishuwo, seChibvumirano cheParis che2015, chinoda kubatanidza nyika dzese mukuderedza utsi.
Tichitarisa mberi, zvibodzwa zvekudzikisa zvave kuda chinzvimbo. Protocol yaive imwe yematanho ekutanga mukusimudzira ruzivo rwepasi rose nezve kukosha kwekuita zvinopesana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.