El renewable hydrogen Yapinda muchirongwa chesimba cheEurope seimwe yenzira huru dzekuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo uye kusimbisa kuzvimiririra kwesimba. Asi kuti vimbiso iyi ive inodhura zvakanyanya, matekinoroji anoigadzira, uye kunyanya Maerekitirogiramu ePEMVanofanira kuita danho rakakura mukushanda zvakanaka, kugara kwenguva refu, uye kukura kwemaindasitiri.
Nanhasi, maelectrolyzer epurotoni ekutsinhana kwemenduru Ndidzo dzimwe dzesarudzo dzinonakidza dzekugadzirisa simba remhepo ne photovoltaic nekuda kwekupindura kwavo nekukurumidza uye kugona kwavo kugadzira hydrogen yakachena kwazvo pakumanikidzwa kwakanyanya. Zvisinei, vanotambura ne mitengo yakakwira uye hupenyu hushomaIzvi zvakakurudzira kutsvagurudza nezvezvinhu zvitsva, magadzirirwo emastack, mamodheru ekuparadza, uye nzira dzepamusoro dzekudzora kuti vawane zvakawanda kubva mazviri.
Nheyo dzePEM electrolysis uye zvakanakira pamusoro pemamwe matekinoroji
PEM electrolyzer yakavakirwa pa polymeric proton exchange membrane iyo inoshanda se electrolyte yakasimba uye inoparadzanisa pakati pe anode ne cathode. Kana direct current ikashandiswa, mvura inoiswa kudivi re anode, uko inoora zvichienderana ne oxidation reaction: 2H₂O → O₂ + 4H⁺ + 4e⁻. mapurotoni anoyambuka membrane, ukuwo maerekitironi achifambiswa nekunze kwedunhu kuenda ku cathode.
Pa cathode, mapurotoni aya anosangana zvakare nemaerekitironi anosvika kuburikidza newaya yemagetsi kuti aumbe. gasi rehydrogen (4H⁺ + 4e⁻ → 2H₂)Nekuda kwekuti membrane yacho haipindi magasi, hydrogen neokisijeni zvinoparadzaniswa zvakakwana, zvichikonzera kuchena kwakanyanya kweH₂ gasi pasina chikonzero chekuwedzera matanho ekuchenesa.
Chimwe chezvakanakira zvikuru zvePEM tekinoroji kugona kwayo kushanda pa kuwanda kwemagetsi kwakakwira (pakurongeka kweA/cm² dzakawanda), yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo inowanzoitwa nealkaline electrolyzers. Izvi zvinokonzerwa neproton conductivity yakanaka yePFSA ionomer yemembrane uye kuderedzwa kwekurasikirwa kwe ohmic nekuda kwemadaro mapfupi pakati pemaelectrode uye dhizaini yemaseru madiki kwazvo.
Imwe bhenefiti yakakosha ndeye mhinduro inokurumidza zvikuru Mukupindura kuchinja kwesimba remagetsi, maPEM electrolyser anogona kuwedzera kana kuderedza kugadzirwa kwehydrogen mumasekonzi mashoma, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakanaka pakubatana nemasimba anodzokororwa anodzokororwa nguva nenguva akadai semhepo kana zuva. Kana paine kugadzirwa kwakawandisa, sero rinoshanda nesimba rakazara; kana kugadzirwa kwadzikira, michina inoderedza kushandiswa kwayo zviri nyore.
Kana zvichienzaniswa netekinoroji dzakasiyana, maerekitiroza ealkaline Dzinoramba dziri sarudzo yakakura uye isingadhuri yekushandisa pakukura kukuru, dzichishandisa mvura ine alkaline (yakadai seKOH) inotakura ma OH⁻ ions pakati pema electrodes. Dzinowanzo shanda pakati pe70 ne90 °C, nema electrodes e nickel uye kushanda kwakasimba kunoenderera mberi, asi dzinoratidza nguva yekupindura inononoka, michina yakakura uye kuchena kwehydrogen kwakaderera pasina mamwe masisitimu ekusefa.
Pakupesana kwakanyanyisa ndiko maelectrolyser e-solid oxide (SOEC)Midziyo iyi inoshanda pakupisa kwakanyanya (700-1.000 °C) ichishandisa ma electrolyte eceramic. Kushanda kwayo zvakanaka kwe thermodynamic nekuda kwe electrolysis inobatsirwa nekupisa, uye yakakodzera zvivakwa zvemagetsi ezuva zvakasanganiswa uye nzvimbo yekuchengetedza kupisa, asi mitengo, kuoma uye matambudziko ekushandisa Kupisa kwakanyanya kunoramba kuri zvipingamupinyi zvikuru pakuiswa kwemvura yakawanda.
Pakati penyika mbiri idzi panomuka maerekitirodhi ekuchinjana kweanion (AEM)Tekinoroji iyi ichiri kusimuka ine chinangwa chekubatanidza zvakanakira mafiriji esimbi yealkali (mutengo wakaderera, kushanda munzvimbo dzakajairika) nehurongwa hwakabatana hwePEM. Vanoshandisa membrane yepolymer inotungamira anion, zvichibvumira kushandiswa kwesimbi shoma dzakanaka uye zvichivhura musuwo we... mitengo yakaderera uye hupenyu hurefu kana vasvika pakukura kwekutengeserana.
Zvinhu zvakakosha zvePEM electrolyzer yemazuva ano
MuPEMEL, zvese zvinotenderera pa membrane yekuchinjana kweprotoni (PEM)Iyi inowanzova ionomer yeNafion-type PFSA. Foil iyi inoparadzanisa magasi, inoendesa mapurotoni kubva kuanode kuenda ku cathode, uye inochengetedza maelectrode ese ari maviri nemagetsi. Ukobvu hwayo, mwero wemvura, uye chimiro chemukati zvinonyanya kusarudza kuramba kweionic uye kuyambuka kwehydrogen kana oxygen.
Dambudziko guru nhasi nePFSA membranes nderekuwana chiyero pakati kushanda kwepamusoro, kuchengetedzeka uye kugara kwenguva refuKuti pave nekuwedzera kufambiswa kwemhepo, ukobvu hwacho hunowanzo deredzwa, asi izvi zvinowedzera kuyerera kwegasi uye zvinokurumidzisa kuora. Imwe nzira iri kushandiswa zvakanyanya ndeyekushandisa membrane dzakasimbiswaapo ionomer inoiswa pamapfupa akagadzikana (semuenzaniso, PTFE yakawedzerwa), zvichiita kuti ifambiswe zvakanaka nekusimba kukuru kwemuchina.
Pamwe chete, membranes dzakavakirwa pa mapolymer ehydrocarbon zvakaita seSPEEK nezvimwe zvinhu, zviri muchimiro chefirimu rinoramba riripo uye muzvivakwa zvakasanganiswa zvine fibers kana microporous supports. Sarudzo idzi dzinogona kupa kugadzikana kuri nani kwekupisa uye makemikari pamutengo wakaderera, chero bedzi proton conductivity uye durability values yakaenzana nePFSA dzekutengesa zvikawanikwa.
ari zvinokurudzira Izvi zvimwe zvinonetsa. Parizvino, chiyero muPEMEL chinosanganisira platinum inotsigirwa nekabhoni (Pt/C) yehydrogen evolution reaction pa cathode uye iridium black kana iridium oxide (Ir, IrOx) yeoxygen evolution reaction pa anode. Idzi platinum group metals dzine electrochemical activity yakanaka kwazvo, asi dzinodhura uye hadzisipo, kunyanya iridium.
Kuti vagadziri nenzvimbo dzekutsvagisa vagadziri vagadziri vezvinhu izvi vagadzirise dambudziko rekutenga nemitengo. kuderedza mutoro we iridium pa kW uye kugadzira ma catalysts anoshanda zvakanaka. Ma oxides akasanganiswa akadai seIrRuOx, ma catalysts akaumbwa zvishoma ane nzvimbo yakakura inoshanda, uye dzimwe nzira dzakavakirwa pama oxides, sulfides, kana nitrides esimbi dzinoshanduka dzinogona kuchengetedza mashandiro nesimbi isina kunaka dziri kuongororwa.
Mashandisirwo anoitwa macatalyst aya mudura ndiyo nzira inokosha. Inki dzeCatalytic (musanganiswa wezvimedu zvecatalytic uye PFSA ionomer) dzinoshandiswa kugadzira zvinozivikanwa se... membrane yakaputirwa necatalyst (CCM), chikamu chepakati che membrane-electrode assembly (MEA). Ukobvu hwe layer, homogeneity, porosity, uye kupararira kwe ionomer zvinosarudza kusvika kunzvimbo dziri kushanda uye kutakurwa kwemaproton, maerekitironi, mvura, uye magasi panguva imwe chete.
ari magasi ekupararira kwemhepo (GDL) kana magasi ekutakura ane porous (PTL) MEA inopedzwa kumativi ese. Cathode inowanzo shandisa bepa rekabhoni rine fiber dzekabhoni, PTFE, uye carbon black, iyo inoparadzira mvura, inobvisa hydrogen, uye inotungamidza maerekitironi. Anode inoshandisa titanium felt yakafukidzwa nefirimu rakatetepa replatinum kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti conductivity yakakwira uye inodzivirira ngura munzvimbo ine oxidizing yakawanda.
Chikamu chechimiro chinosanganisira mapurati epfungwa dzinoita se "bipolar plates"Maplate aya, anoparadzanisa masero efuel cell, anofambisa magetsi kubva kune rimwe sero kuenda kune rimwe uye anochengetedza nzira dzinofamba mvura nemagasi. PEMEL haishandise graphite yechinyakare inowanikwa mufuel cells; panzvimbo pezvo, inoshandisa titanium plates dzakachengetedzwa negoridhe neplatinum coating pamusoro penzvimbo dzine electrochemical media kuderedza ngura uye kusagadzikana kwekusangana.
Chinhu chakavanzika zvikuru asi chakakosha ndicho magasket nezvinhu zvekuvharaMapepa aya kana matepi (EPDM, FKM, PTFE, silicone, nezvimwewo) anoita kuti mvura, hydrogen, neokisijeni zvirambe zvakavharirwa mukati memaseketi azvo, zvichidzivirira kubuda kwemvura kana musanganiswa usingadiwe. Magadzirirwo azvo akanyatsogadzirwa zvinoenderana nemaplate e bipolar, uye hunyanzvi hwakakura hwakashandiswa mukugadzirisa maformulations uye maitiro ekugadzira, zvichikonzera zvisimbiso zvakasimba, zvisingadonhedze mvura zviri nyore kubatanidza mumitsetse yemagetsi.
Mapurojekiti eR&D ekuvandudza maPEM electrolyzers: HEDERA neSMARTH2PEM
MuSpain, mapurojekiti akawanda ari kutungamirwa zvakananga pa kuvandudzwa kwema electrolyzer ePEM kuti kukurumidzise hupfumi hwehydrogen yakasvibirira. Pakati padzo pane HEDERA neSMARTH2PEM, zvinokurudzirwa nemasangano etekinoroji akadai seITE, AIDIMME neAIJU, nerutsigiro kubva kumapurogiramu eIVACE+i R&D pamwe neERDF co-financing.
Iyo purojekiti Hedera Yakafungwa ichitarisa pane hydrogen inodzokororwa isingadhuri uye inogara kwenguva refu, inokwanisa kubatanidzwa zvakanaka mumaindasitiri chaiwo. Izvi zvinobva mukuongororwa kwakajeka: maPEM aripo anopa hydrogen yakachena uye akakodzera simba rinodzokororwa, asi mutengo wawo uye kuora kwawo nguva isati yakwana zvinoramba zviri zvipingamupinyi zvikuru pakuiswa kwesimba rakapararira.
Kuti igadzirise matambudziko aya, HEDERA inotarisa pakuvandudzwa kwe maerekitirodhi matsva ePEM Izvi zvinoitwa uchishandisa inki dzinoshandiswa pakugadzira zvinhu kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwekuputira. Chinangwa ndechekuwana zvidimbu zvinoshanda zvine simba rakavandudzwa, kugara kwenguva refu (kusavimba zvakanyanya nesimbi dzinokosha), uye kudzikira kwekuora, nokudaro zvichivandudza mashandiro ehurongwa uye hupenyu hwahwo.
Panguva imwe chete, boka iri riri kugadzira muenzaniso wekufanotaura kwekuora mwoyo Modhi iyi ichabvumira kutarisira kupera kwemidziyo pasi pemamiriro ekushanda kwesimba rinogona kudzokororwa: kutanga nekumira kakawanda, kuchinja kwemutoro, kufukidza kwegore mumasisitimu emagetsi, kushanduka kwemhepo kamwe kamwe, nezvimwewo. Nemodhi iyi, nzira dzekushandisa dzakangwara dzinogona kutsanangurwa kuti dziwedzere hupenyu hwesero remafuta uye kuderedza mutengo wehydrogen inogadzirwa.
Sangano reTechnological Institute of Energy (ITE) rinoona nezve kugadzirwa uye kutsanangurwa kwakakwana kwemaerekitirodhi matsva mumarabhoritari avo, vachivaisa mumiedzo pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa uye ekushushikana. Laurentia Technologies inopa ruzivo rwayo muzvinhu zvepamusoro kugadzira nekusimbisa macatalyst anoshanda uye anogara kwenguva refu, nepo Galesa ichipa nyaya chaiyo yekushandisa mumaindasitiriKugadzirwa kwehydrogen panzvimbo iyi uchishandisa photovoltaic extracts kuti ishandiswe zvakananga mumaoven, zvichiita kuti gasi rechisikigo ribviswe zvishoma.
Linkener inopedzisa denderedzwa nekubatsira kugadzirwa kwe photovoltaic chaiyo uye ma curves ekushandiswa yevatengi vanozvishandisa. Neruzivo urwu, zvinhu zvinogara kwenguva refu (makore, mambakwedza, kusviba, kutanga-tanga, kumira) zvinokanganisa kuora kwemaseru emafuta zvinoonekwa, uye kugona kwehunyanzvi uye kwehupfumi kugadzira hydrogen nesimba rakawandisa mumaprofile akasiyana evashandisi kunoongororwa, kunyangwe tichifunga nezvekuwedzera kwesimba remagetsi.
Mhedzisiro inotarisirwa neHEDERA iri padanho rekuratidzira munzvimbo yakakodzera: maelectrode ePEM akavandudzwa, modhi yekuora yakasimbiswa, algorithm yekugadzirisa yakabatanidzwa mumodhi yedhijitari yemuchina uye mamiriro akati wandei ekushanda akaongororwa paITE hydrogen pilot plant, iyo inobatanidza kugadzirwa (PEM nealkaline), kuchengetwa uye kushandiswa mumasero emafuta.
Kune chikamu chayo, chirongwa SMARTH2PEM Inotevera kugadzirwa kwePEM electrolyzer ine simba shoma (inenge 1 kW) asi ine mutengo wemakwikwi uye kushanda kwepamusoro: hydrogen ine kuchena kwe99,99% uye kumanikidzwa kunodarika 15 bar. Pfungwa yacho ndeyekuva ne module module inogona kubatanidzwa mumagrid akangwara pamwe chete nesimba rinogona kudzokororwa, ichishandisa mukana wekugadzirwa kwakawandisa uye simba rinodzoka kana kudiwa kwacho kwakakwira.
Kuti izvi zviitike, SMARTH2PEM yakarongwa nenzira mbiri huru: kuderedzwa kwe mutengo wezvikamu zvakakosha (membranes, bipolar plates uye electrocatalysts) pasina kurasikirwa nekushanda zvakanaka, uye dhizaini yakagadziriswa yechikamu chimwe nechimwe uye muunganidzwa wakakwana wezvinhu kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti mashandiro akachengeteka uye anoshanda zvakanaka. Zvese izvi nechinangwa chekupa sisitimu yakasimba uye inokwikwidzana kana tichienzanisa netekinoroji dziripo.
Makambani eAIDIMME, AIJU, neITE ane matambudziko makuru etekinoroji. Rimwe rawo idambudziko guru re kugadzirwa kwema polymeric membranes matsva Ma membrane aya akagadzirirwa kushanda ne pressure yakakwira, ane kugona kukuru kwekutsinhana kwema ion uye anodzivirira michina zvakanaka. Semuenzaniso, basa rakaitwa nema membrane akavakirwa paSPEEK, achigadzirisa ma synthesis parameters uye achidzidza conductivity yawo, kunyudzwa kwemvura, kugadzikana kwemakemikari, uye hunhu hwekupisa.
Imwe kiyi block ndeye kugadzirwa kwemaerekitirodhi epamusoro Kune MEA, maelectrode akagadzirwa kune ese ari maviri: ma cathodes ane platinum se catalyst uye ma anode ane iridium oxide, akaiswa achishandisa matekiniki e electrochemical pa carbon paper supports (cathodic side) uye platinized titanium grids (anodic side). Ongororo dze microscopic dzinoratidza kugoverwa kwakanaka kwe catalyst, kunyangwe basa riri kuitwa rekutsvaga supports dzine nzvimbo yakakura kuti nzvimbo inoshanda iwedzere.
Zvitsva zviri kuferefetwawo ma electrocatalysts ane kupararira kuri nani uye kugoverwa kwakafanana kwenzvimbo dzinoshanda, zvichideredza saizi yezvikamu kuti zvideredze mutoro we catalytic pasina kukanganisa kushanda zvakanaka. Izvi zvinosanganisira kugadzirisa hukama huripo pakati pe electrode ne membrane, huwandu hwe ionomer mu electrode, uye porosity ye support substrate, kuitira kuti ionic ne electronic conduction zviwedzere panguva imwe chete mu layer yese.
Kana ari mapurati epfungwa dzinoita se "bipolar plates"Chirongwa ichi chinoongorora dzimwe nzira dzekurapa dzinodzivirira ngura pazvinhu zvakachipa, nechinangwa chekutsiva zvishoma titanium yakasimba ne hybrid solutions (simbi dzakaputirwa, musanganiswa we alloy, nezvimwewo) zvinobvumira kuderedza mutengo wekuunganidza pasina kukanganisa kugadzikana kwebasa.
SMARTH2PEM inosanganisirawo kugadzirwa kwe hurongwa hwekuputira ndiro kuburikidza nematekinoroji epamusoro akadai sePVD kana mamwe maitiro ekuisa zvinhu, kuitira kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimbi dzinokosha uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwenguva pasi pekumanikidzwa, tembiricha uye mamiriro ekunze anooxidation akajairika ePEM.
Dhizaini ye stack ne single-cell yakagadziriswa uchishandisa maturusi kubva ku simulation yemvura inoshanduka, yechimiro uye yekupisaBhenji rekuyedza rakagadzirwa kuti rionekwe kuti rinoita sei sero rimwe chete, kuratidza mashandiro emaelectrodes nema membranes, uye kuenzanisa mhinduro dzakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvekutengesa.
Pamwe chete, chirongwa ichi chinosanganisira intelligent control system iyo inotarisira kugadzirwa kwehydrogen zvakachengeteka uye zvinobudirira, ichitevedzera mamiriro ekushanda akabatana nekugadzirwa kwesimba rinogona kuvandudzwa. Pfungwa yacho ndeyekuti muenzaniso wekupedzisira unogona kubatanidzwa zvakanaka mumagridi akangwara, zvichiita kuti electrolyzer ive chinhu chakakosha chekuchengetedza simba rakavakirwa pahydrogen.
Kubatanidzwa kwema electrolyzer ePEM nezvinogadziriswazve uye mashandisirwo chaiwo
Simba guru retekinoroji yePEM kugona kwayo kukwana segurovhosi manyuko esimba anogona kuvandudzwa akasiyana-siyanaNekuda kwekupindura kwavo nekukurumidza uye kugona kushanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, masisitimu aya anotora simba rakawanda remagetsi kana remhepo uye anorishandura kuita hydrogen inochengetwa.
Mukushandiswa kwe kuchengetedza simbaHydrogen inogadzirwa inogona kushandiswa mumasero emafuta, maturbine akagadziriswa, kana kuiswa mumagasi network, zvichipa mukana wekushandura grid yemagetsi. Mapurojekiti akaita seGalesa's, ari kuongorora kushandiswa zvakananga kwehydrogen muzvitofu zvemaindasitiri kubva muhuwandu hwe photovoltaic, anoratidza mukana wekubatanidzwa uku kutsiva gasi rechisikigo zvishoma nezvishoma mukupisa kwakanyanya.
Mumunda we hydrogen kufambaMa electrolyzer ePEM anoita basa guru mukupa hydrogen yakachena kwazvo kunzvimbo dzekuisa mafuta emota dzemafuta, zvitima, marori anorema, uye mashandisirwo akakosha (emauto, endege, kutakura zvinhu kure). Kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya uye kuchena kwegasi zvinoita kuti kudzvanywa, kuchengetwa, uye kutengeswa kwemafuta kuve nyore.
Tekinoroji yePEM inowanawo nzvimbo yakanaka mu zvikamu zvemaindasitiri zvekareuko hydrogen iri chinhu chakakosha: kunatswa kwemafuta, kugadzirwa kweammonia, kugadzirwa kwemethanol, kana kugadziriswa kwesimbi. Sezvo zvinangwa zvekubvisa kabhoni zvichiwedzera kuoma, kutsiva hydrogen yegrey nehydrogen yegirini inogadzirwa ne electrolysis kuchava chinhu chikuru chinotungamira kukwikwidzana uye kutevedzera mitemo.
Kubva pamaonero emusika, zvinotarisirwa kuti kudiwa kwezvikamu zvemagetsi emagetsi Musika wezvinhu zvakaita se membranes, catalysts, GDL, bipolar plates, uye gaskets unotarisirwa kuwedzera zvakanyanya mumakore anotevera, uchisvika makumi emabhiriyoni emadhora pasi rose kana zvirongwa zvekuisa hydrogen yakasvibirira zvikazadzikiswa. Izvi zvinovhura mikana yakasiyana-siyana kune vagadziri vezvinhu, vatengesi vemidziyo, uye makambani einjiniya.
Kuti tishandise mukana iwoyo tisingasangani nematambudziko ezviwanikwa zvishoma zvakaita seIridium, basa guru richatariswa pa Gadzira zvinhu zvitsva mu membrane composite zvinhu, zvinokonzeresa mari shomaKupenda kwepamusoro uye magadzirirwo emhando yepamusoro. Kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekugadzira maCCM nema membranes, pamwe chete nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira machira akanyatsogadzirwa, zvichave zvakakosha pakuderedza mitengo uye kuona kuti mashandiro anoitwa nguva dzose pamwero mukuru.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, basa remasangano etekinoroji nemakambani ari kutogadzira maelectrolyzer echizvarwa chinotevera ePEMMamodheru ekuora uye masisitimu ekudzora akangwara anomiririra danho rekufambira mberi mukuzviisa mumusika uyo, mumaonero ese, uchakura zvakanyanya mumakore gumi anotevera.
Zvese izvi zvakaitwa nePEM electrolyzers zvinopa mufananidzo wekuti kusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvepamusoro, dhizaini yakagadzirwa zvakanaka yemurwi, kubatanidzwa kwedhijitari, uye mamodheru ekufanotaura zvichagonesa kuwanikwa kwemidziyo inoshanda zviri nani. yakasimba, inoshanda uye inodhura zvishomaSezvo kuvandudzwa uku kuchibatanidzwa uye kuchinjwa kubva mumarabhoritari nemapurojekiti ekuyedza kuenda kumashandisirwo ekutengeserana, kugadzirwa kwehydrogen yakasvibirira kuchawedzera mumakwikwi nekuvimbika, zvichiita kuti shanduko yeiyi simba ive nyore kubva pane vimbiso kuenda kune chokwadi chakasimba mukuchinja kwesimba muEurope.