Kusvibiswa kwevhu nderimwe rematambudziko akakosha ezvakatipoteredza yatinotarisana nayo nhasi, kunyange zvazvo isingagamuchire ngwariro yakafanira. Kusiyana nekusvibiswa kwemhepo kana kuti kwemvura, kushatiswa kwevhu kunowanzova kusingacherechedzwi, kunyange kana migumisiro yaro ingagara kwemakumi emakore kana kuti isingachinjiki.
Kusvibiswa kwemhando iyi kunokanganisa kurima, kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu, hutano hwevanhu uye kuchengetedzwa kwepasi.. Naizvozvo, kunzwisisa zvazvinokonzeresa, kuona kwazvinobva, uye kushandisa matanho ekudzivirira ndicho chinhu chikuru pakudzikisa kukuvadzwa kwayo. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu izvi nekunyatsojeka uye nekunyatsoita, saka unogona kunzwisisa chiitiko ichi pasina kusiya chero chinhu.
Chii chinonzi kusvibiswa kwevhu?
Kusvibiswa kwevhu kunosanganisira kuvapo kwemakemikari zvinhu kana tsvina ine ngozi inoshandura kuumbwa uye kunaka kwevhu.. Zvinhu izvi zvinogona kusanganisira simbi dzinorema, mahydrocarbon, mishonga yezvipembenene, marara emumaindasitiri, zvinhu zvine radioactive, uye kunyangwe zvisaririra zvebiological. Kuvapo kwavo kunokanganisa maruva, fauna, zvipenyu zvevhu, zvirimwa zvekurima uye hutano hwevanhu.
Kunobva kusvibiswa uku kwakawanda, kunyangwe zvese zvine maitiro evanhu zvakafanana. Zviitwa zvemaindasitiri, kurima kwakanyanya, uye kusagadziriswa kwemarara zvakaringana ndizvo zvimwe zvezvikonzero zvikuru.
Ivhu rakasvibiswa rinorasikirwa nembereko, rinokurumidza kukurwa nevhu, uye rinogona kushanda senzira yekufambisa mvura yepasi ine tsvina kana kunyange zvokudya zvinorimwa pariri.
Zvikonzero zvikuru zvekusvibiswa kwevhu
Zvinokonzera kusvibiswa kwevhu zvinogona kuiswa sechisikigo uye anthropogenic., vekupedzisira ndivo vane mhosva yedzinenge mhosva dzese dzakakomba dzakanyorwa pasi rese.
- Kunyanya kushandiswa kweagrochemicals: Fetereza, mishonga yesora, nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoshandiswa mukurima kwakadzama inoguma yapinda muvhu, zvichikanganisa chimiro charo uye hupenyu hwehutachiona.
- Zviitwa zveindasitiri: Munguva yekugadzira, kuchera, kugadzira simbi, kana nzira dzekuchenesa oiri, tsvina ine muchetura inogadzirwa iyo kazhinji isingatariswi nemazvo.
- Kurasika netsaona uye kuchengetwa kusina kunaka: Kubvinza kwezvinhu zvakaita seoiri, zvinonyungudutsa kana tsvina yemvura inokurumidza kusvibisa nzvimbo dzakakura dzevhu.
- Marara emumba neemumaindasitiri asingatariswe zvisina kunaka: Kana marashi akasadzorwa, leachate inopinda pasi pevhu yakatakura simbi inorema nemishonga ine chepfu.
- Kuvapo kwezvinhu zveradioactive: Munzvimbo dzemaindasitiri kana uko zvombo zvakaedzwa, zvakajairika kuwana cesium, uranium kana zvimwe zvinhu zvinosvibisa ivhu kwemazana emakore.
Zvizhinji zvinosvibisa muvhu
Mhando dzezvinosvibisa zvinogona kuwanikwa muvhu zvakasiyana-siyana., uye ngozi yaro inotsamira pazvose zviri zviviri uwandu uye kushandiswa kwevhu.
- Heavy metals: Arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium uye nickel zviri by-zvigadzirwa zvemaindasitiri nemigodhi maitiro. Izvo zvine chepfu kunyange pazvishoma uye zvinogona kuungana mumiti nemhuka.
- Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC): Inowanikwa mune zvigadzirwa zvakadai sepeturu kana dhiziri, zvinoshandura chimiro chevhu uye kukwanisa kwayo kuchengetedza mvura uye kudya.
- Industrial solvents: senge toluene kana benzene, inoputika nekukurumidza uye inogona kukanganisa zvese ivhu nemhepo, zvichikonzera kukanganisa kunhengo dzemukati uye kunyangwe cancer.
- Agrochemicals: Mishonga yezvipembenene uye mishonga yesora inopfuurira kwenguva yakareba muvhu, inokanganisa zvipenyu zvinobatsira uye kukanganisa cheni yezvokudya.
- Asbestos: Inoshandiswa mukuvaka, ine carcinogenic uye inoburitswa mumhepo kana yakabatwa zvisirizvo.
Migumisiro yekusvibiswa kwevhu
Mhedzisiro yacho inodarika ivhu pachayo, uye ine mhedzisiro yakananga pahutano hwevanhu, zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana uye hupfumi..
La kunaka kwevhu kunoderedzwa, kuderedza kukwanisa kwayo kuchengeta mvura nezvinovaka muviri. Izvi zvinokanganisa kurima zvakananga, zvichideredza goho nekuchengetedzwa kwechikafu.
Uyewo, zvinosvibisa zvinogona kusvika mumvura yepasi uye kupararira kuburikidza nekudiridza kana kudyiwa nevanhu. Zvirwere zvakaita segomarara, kusagadzikana kwehomoni, matambudziko ekufema, uye kukuvara kwetsinga zvine chekuita nekusangana nevhu rine utachiona.
Mhuka dzesango dzinotamburawo nemigumisiro. Mhuka dzinodya kana kuti dzinogara muvhu rakasvibiswa dzinogona kukuvadzwa muchetura, uye chepfu iyi inogona kuungana ndokupfuura kune mamwe mazinga echeni yezvokudya, kunyange kukanganisa vanhu.
Mienzaniso chaiyoiyo yekusvibiswa kwevhu
Zvimwe zvezviitiko zvakakomba zvekusvibiswa kwevhu zvakanyorwa mumishumo yepamutemo. uye vakamanikidza zviito zvemutemo nezvehutano nekukurumidza kuti zviitwe.
- Superfund Landfills (USA): Sangano reEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) raona nzvimbo dzinodarika chiuru nemazana matatu senzvimbo dzakakosheswa zvikuru nekuda kwehupfu hwakanyanya.
- Migodhi yakasiyiwa: Munyika dzakawanda, migodhi yakavharwa pasina matanho ekuchengetedza, izvo zvakonzera kuti masimbi anorema adonhe muvhu rakapoteredza.
- Hanford Military Base (United States): yakasiiwa neDhipatimendi reDziviriro, ine tsvina ine radioactive yakasvibisa nzvimbo huru dzenyika.
Kudzivirira uye kudzora matanho
Kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwevhu kunoshanda zvakanyanya, kune hupfumi uye kwakachengeteka pane kuedza kuridzosera kana rakanganiswa.. Matanho ekudzivirira anosanganisira maitiro akanaka uye masisitimu emitemo anoda kuti makambani aderedze kuburitsa kwavo.
- Kudzora tsvina: Kuisa mumapoka, kuchengeta, uye kuraswa kwetsvina ine ngozi nenzira kwayo kunoita kuti isapinda muvhu.
- Nekutarisira kushandiswa kweagrochemicals: sarudza kurima organic uye organic fetereza.
- Environmental impact assessment: zvakakosha mumapurojekiti matsva emaindasitiri kana emudhorobha kuona njodzi dzinogona kuitika.
- Kurudzira hupfumi hwedenderedzwa: kudzokorodza uye kushandiswazve kwezvinhu kuderedza kugadzirwa kwetsvina inosvibisa.
Nyika imwe neimwe ine hurongwa hwayo hwemutemo kutarisira nekudzivirira kusvibiswa kwevhu. Semuyenzaniso:
- Spain: Mutemo 22/2011 pamarara uye ivhu rakasvibiswa, pamwe neRoyal Decree 9/2005, iyo inogadza runyorwa rwezvinhu zvine njodzi.
- Mexico: Mutemo Mukuru Wekudzivirira uye Kutonga Kwakazara Kwemarara.
- Germany: Federal Soil Protection Act kana Federal Soil Protection Act.
- United States: CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act), inozivikanwa se "Superfund."
Kuitwa kwemitemo iyi kunoperekedzwa negwara rehunyanzvi rinobatsira kuona zvingangoitika zvekusvibisa uye kumisikidza nzira dzekudzivirira nedziviriro mumaindasitiri nezviitiko zvinokonzeresa njodzi kwezvakatipoteredza.
Kusvibiswa kwevhu idambudziko rinowanzoonekwa asi rinoparadza zvakanyanya kwezvakatipoteredza. Zvikonzero zvaro zvakanyorwa zvakafara, uye migumisiro yaro inotambanukira kupfuura nzvimbo inooneka, ichikanganisa mvura, mhepo, zvokudya, uye vanhu. Kuzvirwisa, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kwazvinobva, kuona zvinosvibisa, kutevedzera mirau, uye kuita nhanho dzekudzivirira dzinoshanda. Kudzivirirwa kwevhu kunoda kuzvipira kwakabatana pakati pehurumende, mabhizinesi, uye vagari kuchengetedza chimwe chezviwanikwa zvedu zvakakosha uye zvisingadzoreki: ivhu redu.
