Simba renyukireya nderimwe remakakatanwa anokonzeresa chizvarwa munzvimbo yemazuva ano simba. Kubva payakabuda muzana ramakore rechi20, yave ichionekwa semhinduro inovimbisa kudambudziko remamiriro ekunze uye sekutyisidzira kwakadzikama kune zvakatipoteredza uye hutano hwevanhu. Yayo yakaderera yakananga kabhoni dhiabhorosi emissions inoiisa seimwe nzira inoshanda kune mafuta ezvicherwa, asi mibvunzo pamusoro pehutsanana hwayo, kuchengetedzeka, uye kuramba ichienderera mberi ichiunza gakava guru repasi rose.
Kuongorora kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kwesimba renyukireya kunodarika kuyera CO2 inoburitswa pakilowatt-awa. Zvinosanganisira kudzidza kutenderera kwehupenyu hwese, kubva pakudhirowa kweuranium kusvika kumarara eradioactive, kusanganisira kuvaka, kushanda, uye kuzopedzisira nekubvisa zvirimwa. Pazasi pane ongororo ine hudzamu uye yakazara yekuti simba renyukireya rinogona kunzi rakachena here kana kuti rinosvibisa, zvichibva pazvinhu zvese zvine chekuita nekukura kwayo nekushandiswa.
CO2 emissions: Isimba rakachena chairo here?
Imwe yenharo huru mukufarira simba renyukireya kugona kwayo kugadzira magetsi pasina kuburitsa CO2 panguva yechizvarwa chikamu. Kusiyana nemarasha, gasi remusikirwo, kana kuti oiri, magwenya enyukireya haapise mafuta efossil kuti aite kupisa, izvo zvinodzivirira kubuda zvakananga kwemagasi egreenhouse.
Zvisinei, Paunenge uchiongorora kutenderera kwakazara, isina kunanga CO2 emissions yakakosha.. Izvi zvinoitika panguva yekucherwa nekugadziriswa kweuranium, kuvaka kwemagetsi emagetsi, kuwedzera mafuta, chekufambisa, kugadzirisa zvivakwa, uye, pakupedzisira, kubviswa kwayo.
Zvidzidzo zvakaita seizvo zvakaitwa nePolytechnic University yeCatalonia zvinofungidzira kuti simba renyukireya rinoburitsa magiramu makumi matanhatu nematanhatu eCO66 pakilowatt-awa., huwandu hwakadzikira zvikuru pane marasha (kusvika ku1000 gCO2/kWh) kana dhiziri (778 gCO2/kWh), asi yakanyanya kukwirisa kupfuura zvinogona kudzokororwa zvakaita sesimba remhepo (9 gCO2/kWh) kana solar photovoltaic (30 gCO2/kWh). Naizvozvo, Haikwanise kunzi tekinoroji yakachena zvachose, kunyanya kana ichienzaniswa neinovandudzwa.
Radioactive tsvina: dambudziko risina kugadziriswa
Imwe yematambudziko makuru ezvakatipoteredza esimba renyukireya kutonga kwemarara eradioactive.. Izvi zvinhu zvine njodzi zvakanyanya zvinogona kuramba zvichishanda kwezviuru kana kunyange mazana ezviuru zvemakore, zvinoda kuchengetedzeka zvakanyanya, kwenguva refu yekuchengetedza mhinduro.
Iye zvino, Iko hakuna mhedzisiro kana inogamuchirwa pasi rose tekinoroji mhinduro kuitira kurapwa kwekupedzisira kwezvisara izvi. Mazhinji acho anochengetwa kwenguva pfupi pazvicherwa zvemagetsi enyukireya pachazvo, izvo zvinowedzera njodzi kana pakaitika tsaona, yadeuka, kana kuti kurwisa.
Kwemakore, dzimwe nzira dzakadai sedzakadzika geological kuchengetedza dzakakurudzirwa, asi kugona kwehunyanzvi, kudhura kwakanyanya, uye kushaikwa kwekubvumirana kwemagariro uye masangano kwakadzivirira kuti zvikumbiro izvi zviitwe zvakanyanya.
Pamusoro pezvo, indasitiri yenyukireya inogadzira mhando dzakasiyana dzemarara - mvura, gasi uye yakasimba -, iyo inogona kukanganisa mvura, mhepo uye ivhu kana ikasagadziriswa nekuchenjerera kwakanyanya. Kunyangwe pasi pemamiriro ekushanda akajairika, magwenya emagetsi anoburitsa yakaderera-mwero mwaranzi iyo, kunyangwe ichinetsa kuona nemeso, inogona kuve nengozi yekuunganidza mhedzisiro pahutano uye nharaunda.
Ngozi dzeutano netsaona dzenyukireya
Kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kwemwaranzi, kunyangwe pamwero wakaderera, kwakabatanidzwa nenjodzi yakawedzera yemamwe marudzi egomarara., kunyanya pakati pevanhu vanogara pedyo nemagetsi enyukireya. Tsvagiridzo yesainzi inoratidza kuti kuderera kwemwaranzi kunogona kushandura DNA yemunhu uye kuwedzera chiitiko chezvirwere zvinopera simba.
Mhosva dzeChernobyl (1986) uye Fukushima (2011) dzakaratidza njodzi chaidzo dzetsaona dzenyukireya.. Zviitiko zviviri izvi zvakakonzera njodzi huru yezvakatipoteredza, zvichimanikidza kubviswa kwematunhu makuru, zvichisiya nzvimbo dzisingagari kwemazana emakore uye zvichikonzera mhedzisiro inoparadza pamaruva, mhuka, uye hutano hwevanhu.
Pasinei nekufambira mberi kwekuchengeteka, Hapana vimbiso yakakwana yokuti tsaona haizoitiki zvakare.. Kukanganisa kwevanhu, kutadza kwehunyanzvi kana njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga dzinogona kukonzeresa mamiriro akakomba. Uyezve, mumamiriro ezvinhu ekusagadzikana kwegeopolitical, zvidyarwa zvemagetsi enyukireya zvinogona kurwiswa kana hugandanga.
Mvura, kutonhora uye zvipenyu zvemumvura
Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi enyukireya zvinoda huwandu hukuru hwemvura kune yavo yekutonhodza masisitimu., iyo inoburitsa rubatso pamiviri yemvura iri pedyo, ingave nzizi, madziva kana makungwa.
Iyo yekutonhodza system ine maviri chaiwo maitiro: Kune rumwe rutivi, kupinda kwemvura kubva munzvimbo dzakasikwa kunogona kuteya nekuuraya hove nemamwe marudzi emvura; Ukuwo, mvura yakadzokera kunharaunda iri patembiricha yakakwira zvakanyanya, izvo zvinochinja kudziya kwemamiriro ezvinhu ecosystem, zvichikonzera kutsakatika kwemarudzi asinganzwe kupisa.
Uyewo, kana kubuda kwemwaranzi kana kurasika kuchirekodhwa, dambudziko rinowedzera. MuArgentina, semuenzaniso, zviyero zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaratidza mazinga e tritium mumvura anopfuura nekure iyo inokurudzirwa nenyika dzese kuti idyiwe nevanhu, kunyangwe pasina tsaona yenyukireya.
Uranium kuwanikwa: chinhu chisingadzokerikezve sosi
Kusiyana nezvinowanikwa patsva zvakaita semhepo kana solar, simba renyukireya rinoenderana nezvicherwa zvakaita seuranium., iyo kuwanikwa kwayo kushoma uye iyo kutorwa nekugadziriswa kunosanganisira kukanganiswa kwakasimba kwezvakatipoteredza uye simba.
Vanamazvikokota vanofungidzira kuti, pamitengo yazvino yekushandisa, matura euranium anogona kushandiswa mukati memakumi mashoma emakore, kunyangwe pasina kuwedzera zvombo zvenyukireya zvepasi rose. Uyezve, chikamu chakakosha cheuranium inowanikwa inowanikwa mune yakaderera-concentration ores, ichiwedzera kuwedzera kabhoni tsoka uye emissions inoenderana nekubviswa kwayo.
Naizvozvo, Simba renyukireya haringanzi sosi rinogonekazve, sezvo zvigadzirwa zvayo zvisingagadziriswi pamwero wakaenzana kana mukuru kudarika kushandiswa kwepasi rose.
Economic cost uye kukwikwidzana zvichienzaniswa ne renewables
Imwe yengano dzakajairika ndeyekuti simba renyukireya rakachipa.. Kunyange mari yekushanda uye yekugadzira pa kilowatt inogona kunge yakaderera kana chirimwa chavakwa, mari yekutanga muzvivakwa yakakwira zvakanyanya.
Mutengo wakaenzana wemagetsi (LCOE) wesimba renyukireya parizvino unodarika weanogona kuwanikwazve, zvakadai semhepo yepamhenderekedzo yegungwa kana solar photovoltaic pamwero mukuru. Uyezve, zvirongwa zvakawanda zvenyukireya zvinotambura kunonoka kwemakumi emakore, kudhura kukuru, uye zvinetso zvemari zvinoguma zvaitika.
Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvinoratidza kuti nekudyara kwakafanana kunodiwa megawati imwe chete yesimba renyukireya, kusvika kuma megawati mana esimba rinogonekazve anogona kuiswa, tisingasanganisire zvimwe zvakaita sekurasira marara kana kubvisa.
Iyo geopolitical uye yemauto dimension yesimba renyukireya
Munhu haakwanise kutaura nezvesimba renyukireya asina kufunga nezvekubatana kwaro kune tekinoroji yemauto.. Uranium yakakwenenzverwa uye plutonium inogadzirwa mumareactor inogona kushandiswa, zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga, kugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya.
Munhoroondo yese, nyika dzakati wandei dzakagadzira zvirongwa zvadzo zvechiuto vachishandisa tsvakiridzo kana mareactors evagari, vachigadzira hukama hwepedyo pakati pekushandiswa kwerunyararo nemauto kwehunyanzvi uhu.
Kunyangwe munyika dzisina kuziviswa zvirongwa zvemauto, Kungova neruzivo rwenyukireya kunogona kukonzera kusawirirana kwenyika dzakawanda uye kuwedzera njodzi dzekupararira kwenyukireya. Nechikonzero ichi, masangano akaita seIAEA anochengetedza kutonga kwakasimba pamusoro pezvivakwa, zviwanikwa, uye maitiro ane chekuita neiyi simba sosi.
Simba renyukireya rine basa rei pakuchinja kwesimba?
Mukati medambudziko remamiriro ekunze, Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinopikisa kuti simba renyukireya ringave rakaipa rinodiwa. kuderedza kuburitswa uku uchibatanidza zvinovandudzwa. Nekudaro, kune akawanda nuances yekufunga nezvayo.
Sangano reIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Yakacherekedza kuti kunyange zvazvo simba renyukireya riri shoma mukubudisa utsi mukushanda, rine zvimwe zvinokanganisa zvakatipoteredza, zvakadai sokucherwa kweuranium, njodzi yetsaona, kusashanda zvakanaka kwemafuta pakupisa kwepasi pose, uye radioactivity yenguva refu.
Iyo IPCC yakarongedzawo simba renyukireya se tekinoroji ine yakaderera mambure mupiro kuUN Sustainable Development Goals uye. iyo chete ine chiyero chisina kunaka maererano nekugadzikana.
Panguva ino, nuclear fusion mapurojekiti seITER (Europe) kana NIF (USA) tsvaga kugadzira imwe yakachengeteka, yakachena uye inogara kwenguva refu isina zvisaririra. Nekudaro, iyo fusion ichiri kuunza matambudziko etekinoroji uye haisi kuzowanikwa mune zvekutengesa munguva pfupi.
Simba renyukireya haringatariswe semhinduro chaiyo, asi tekinoroji iri kuderera ine mutengo wakakwira, njodzi, uye mhedzisiro. Kuisa pamberi pesimba rinogoneka, kuvandudza kushanda kwesimba, kufambira mberi smart grids, uye kuvandudza masisitimu ekuchengetedza kunofanirwa kunge iri nzira yekumberi yekuchinja chaiko uye kwakachengeteka.
Nhaurirano pamusoro pesimba renyukireya haingori tekinoroji chete, asiwo tsika uye zvematongerwo enyika.. Zvinosanganisira kusarudza kana tichida kukweretesa zvizvarwa zveramangwana nemarara ane mwaranzi, kutora tsaona dzingangoparadza zvisikwa zvese, kana kuvimba nekwakabva kare kwakabatana nezvinangwa zvehondo. Takatarisana nedambudziko iri, masimba anovandudzwa anoenderera mberi nekuratidza chiyero chakanaka chehutano hwepasi uye hwevanhu.