Chimwe chezvinhu chinonyanya kushandiswa pasi rese kuchizvarwa chemagetsi emagetsi magetsi ndiyo Francis turbine. Iyo turbomachine yakagadzirwa naJames B. Francis uye iyo inoshanda kuburikidza nekuita uye kuyerera kwakasanganiswa, uchishandisa kufamba kwemvura kuburitsa simba. Iyo turbine yeFrancis inokwanisa kushanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzekukwirira uye kuyerera, izvo zvinoita kuti ive sarudzo inogoneka uye inoshanda kune dzakasiyana siyana hydroelectric zvidyarwa, sezvo inogona kushanda pamateru kubva pamamita maviri kusvika mazana emazana emamita.
Muchikamu chino tichaongorora zvakadzama maficha, zvikamu uye kushanda kweiyo turbine yeFrancis, pamwe nekukosha kwayo mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi.
Hunhu hwakanyanya hweiyo Francis turbine
ari Francis turbines Vanomira pachena nekuda kwehukuru hwavo hwekushanda pahurefu hwakasiyana siyana, kubva pamamita mashoma kusvika kune anopfuura 800 metres, kunyangwe kugona kwavo kwakanyanya kunowanikwa pakakwirira isingasviki 800 metres. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti, pakakwirira, kusiyanisa kwegiravhiti kunogona kukanganisa kuita kwayo.
Aya ma turbines akagadzirirwa kushanda nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuyerera, izvo zvinovabvumira kuenderana nemamiriro akasiyana ekushanda. Ivo vanonyanya kushandiswa mukati hydroelectric zvinomera yekugadzira magetsi, kutora mukana wesimba ringangove remvura. Kunyangwe dhizaini yavo yekutanga, kuisirwa uye kugadzirisa kunodhura, hupenyu hwavo hurefu, kushanda zvakanaka uye mutengo wakaderera wekugadzirisa unovaita purofiti yenguva refu yekudyara.
Dhizaini yeFrancis turbine inosanganisira hydrodynamic system inovimbisa kurasikirwa kwemvura kushoma, iyo inovimbisa kushanda kwepamusoro. Uyezve, chimiro chayo chakasimba uye chinopesana chinoderedza kudiwa kwekugadzirisa, iyo inobatsira zvikuru pane mamwe marudzi emagetsi. Sezvo tekinoroji ichifambira mberi, zvinhu zvitsva zvakagadziridzwa izvo zvinowedzera kudzikisira zvinodiwa zvekugadzirisa, zvichibvumira Francis turbines kuti arambe achidhura kwemakumi emakore akati wandei.
Imwe yemipimo yeFrancis turbine ndeye yayo kunzwa kune kusiyana kukuru mukuyerera yemvura, saka hazvikurudzirwe kuiisa munzvimbo umo kuyerera kunogona kusiyanisa zvakanyanya.
Cavitation mune yaFrancis turbine
Chimwe chinhu chekufunga nezvacho mukugadzira uye kugadzirisa kweFrancis turbines ndeye cavitation, hydrodynamic phenomenon inoitika kana magaba kana mhute mabubbles aumba mukati memvura. Izvi zvinoitika kana mvura ikapfuura nekumhanya kukuru pamusoro pemipendero yakapinza yeturbine, zvichikonzera kusaenzana kwekumanikidza zvinoenderana neformula yaBernoulli.
Mabhuru akaumbwa, anozivikanwa se steam cavities, famba kubva munzvimbo yepasi kusvika kune yakanyanya kudzvanywa. Kana chiutsi chikaerekana chadzokera kumvura, mabhuru anodonha uye kuburitsa simba, izvo zvinogona kukuvadza chimiro cheturbine nekugadzira microimpacts pane yakasimba nzvimbo. Ichi chiitiko hachingodzikisi kushanda kweiyo turbine, asi inogonawo kukurumidza kupfeka kwezvikamu zvayo.
Cavitation inokanganisa nokuti inogona kupfupisa hupenyu hunobatsira hwe turbine nekubudisa microcracks uye kukuvara kunooneka, kunyanya munzvimbo dziri pedyo ne rotor. Kuti kuderedze dambudziko iri, zvigadzirwa zvepamberi zvinoshandiswa uye nzira dzekudzivirira dzekuchengetedza dzinoshandiswa, kunze kwekupedza kutonga kwemamiriro ekushanda, kuderedza misiyano inokonzera chiitiko ichi.
Zvikamu zvikuru zveFrancis turbine
Iyo Francis turbine ine zvikamu zvakasiyana, chimwe nechimwe chichizadzisa basa chairo kuti riwedzere kushanda mukugadzirwa kwesimba remagetsi emvura:
- Spiral chamber: Iyi kamuri inogovera iyo fluid zvakaenzana kune impeller. Kutenderera kwayo kana hozhwa kwakakosha, sezvo ichiva nechokwadi chekuti kumhanya kwemvura kunoramba kuripo panguva dzese. Inowanzoita denderedzwa muchikamu, kunyange zvazvo inogona kuva rectangular mune dzimwe nguva.
- Mutengesi: Yakagadzirwa nemashizha akagadziriswa ane basa rekugadzirisa mukati mehurongwa. Izvi zvinhu zvinosimbisa spiral chamber uye kuderedza kurasikirwa kwehydraulic.
- Muparidzi: Ichi chikamu chinoumbwa nemavhane ekufambisa, ayo anodzora kuyerera kwemvura kuenda kune impeller. Basa rayo nderekubvumira kuyerera kugadziridza kutakura misiyano mumagetsi emagetsi, kugadzirisa kushanda nguva dzose.
- Impeller kana rotor: Uyu ndiwo moyo we turbine, uko kuchinjana kwesimba kunoitika. Iyo impeller inoshandura kinetic, inogona uye simba rekumanikidza remvura kuita mechanical simba. Kuburikidza neshaft, iyi simba remagetsi rinoendeswa kune jenareta remagetsi, uko rinozoshandurwa kuita magetsi.
- Kubvisa chubhu: Uku ndiko kubuda kwemvura kubva muturbine. Yayo diffuser chimiro inogadzira vacuum inobatsira kudzoreredza chikamu chesimba iro rakanga risina kunyatso shandiswa mune impeller, nokudaro zvichibatsira mukuvandudza kushanda kwese kwehurongwa.
Kurongwa kweFrancis turbines
Francis turbines inogona kuiswa zvinoenderana nekumhanya kwavo kwekushanda uye hunhu hwemusoro:
- Slow Francis turbine: Inonyanya kushandiswa kusvetuka kwakakwirira, kunopfuura 200 metres.
- Normal Francis turbine: Inoratidzwa kureba pakati, pakati pe20 ne200 metres.
- Inokurumidza uye yakawedzera nekukurumidza Francis turbine: Inokodzera kusvetuka kudiki, pasi pe20 metres. Aya ma turbines akanakira kuyerera kwemvura yakakura uye musoro wakaderera.
Dhizaini yeiyi turbines inosiyana zvichienderana nehunhu hwemusoro uye kuyerera kunowanikwa mune yega yekuisa. Izvo zvakakosha kuti usarudze yakanyatsokodzera mhando yeturbine kuti uwedzere kuita kwesimba uye kuderedza mari yekushandisa.
Neruzivo rwuri pamusoro unokwanisa kunzwisisa zviri nani mashandiro eFrancis turbines, maitiro avo makuru, zvikamu uye zvisingakwanisi. Rudzi urwu rweturbine inogoneka, inoshanda uye yakasimba sarudzo yekugadzira magetsi emagetsi pasi rese.